Gas Turbine & Combined Cycle Basics

Gas Turbine & Combined Cycle Basics
Shree Ram Yadav

Manager – Mechanical Maintenance
M Tech – IIT Kharagpur
2
ENERGY CONVERSION
CHEMICAL ENERGY
MECHANICAL ENERGY
ELECTRICAL ENERGY
Gas Turbine Basics
▫ Types
▫ How They Work
▫ Applications
▫ Components of Plant
▫ Flow Paths
▫ Operation
GAS TURBINE
• GAS TURBINE IS AN INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINE EMPLOYING A
CONTINUOUS COMBUSTION PROCESS.
Gas Turbine Applications
• Simple Cycle or Open Cycle

• Combined Cycle
• Cogeneration
Types of Gas Turbine Plants
• Simple Cycle
▫ Operate When Demand is High – Peak Demand
▫ Operate for Short / Variable Times
▫ Designed for Quick Start-Up
▫ Not designed to be Efficient but Reliable
 Not Cost Effective to Build for Efficiency
• Combined Cycle
▫ Operate for Peak and Economic Dispatch
▫ Designed for Quick Start-Up
▫ Designed to Efficient, Cost-Effective Operation
Open Cycle - Principles of Operation
Brayton Cycle – Gas Turbine Cycle
Principles of Operation 9
Compressor
• As air flows into the compressor, energy is transferred from its rotating blades to the air. Pressure and
temperature of the air increase.
• Most compressors operate in the range of 75% to 85% efficiency.
Combustor
• The purpose of the combustor is to increase the energy stored in the compressor exhaust by raising its
temperature.
Turbine
• The turbine acts like the compressor in reverse with respect to energy transformation.
• Most turbines operate in the range of 80% to 90% efficiency.
Principles of Operation
Overall Energy Transformations (Thermal Efficiency)
• Useful Work = Energy released in turbine minus energy absorbed by compressor.
• Overall Thermal Efficiency = Useful Work/Fuel Chemical Energy *100

Typical overall thermal efficiencies of a combustion turbine are 20% - 40%.
Combining the Brayton and Rankine Cycles
• Gas Turbine Exhaust used as the heat source for the Steam Turbine cycle
• Utilizes the major efficiency loss from the Brayton cycle
• Advantages:
▫ Relatively short cycle to design, construct & commission
▫ Higher overall efficiency
▫ Good cycling capabilities
▫ Fast starting and loading
▫ Lower installed costs
▫ No issues of ash disposal or coal storage
• Disadvantages
▫ High fuel costs
▫ Uncertain long term fuel source
▫ Output dependent on ambient temperature
How does a Combined Cycle Plant Work?
How does a Combined Cycle Plant Work?
Ex-
haust
Gas turbine gas
102% NOX
Tcomb.
Fuel
2%
Heat recovery
steam generator
Combustion Combustion
air 80% chamber
Air intake 100% Electricity
Generator
Cooling air 20%
TCool.-air
Steam turbine
Circulating Electricity
water
Generator
Condenser
Rankine Cycle
The four processes in the Rankine cycle
RANKINE CYCLE
D'
C D
TEMPERATURE, T B WORK DONE
A E E'
HEAT REJECTED
ENTROPY, S
PROCESS A-B: ISENTROPIC/ADIABATIC COMPRESSION PROCESS

FEED WATER TO BOILER IS PRESSURIED TO BOILER
PROCESS B-C: CONSTANT PRESSURE PROCESS

FEED WATER HEATED UPTO SATURATION TEMP T1 CALLED
SENSIBLE HEATING POINT C IS INTERMEDIATE POINT OF
STEAM GENERATION
PROCESS C-D: CONSTANT PRESSURE & TEMPERATURE PROCESS

FEED WATER IS VAPOURISED CALLED LANTENT HEAT OF
VAPOURISATION POINT D IS STEAM IS DRY & SATURATED.
PROCESS D-E: ISENTROPIC/ADIABATIC EXPANSION PROCESS

EXPANSION OF STEAM TO VACCUM
PROCESS E-A: CONSTANT PRESSURE & TEMPERATURE PROCESS

REJECTION OF HEAT TO CONDENSOR TO CONDENSE THE STEAM.
AT POINT D, STEAM IS DRY & SATURATED.
Process 1-2: The working fluid is pumped from low to high pressure. As the fluid is a liquid at this stage the
pump requires little input energy.
Process 2-3: The high pressure liquid enters a boiler where it is heated at constant pressure by an external
heat source to become a dry saturated vapor. The input energy required can be easily calculated using mollier
diagram or h-s chart or enthalpy-entropy chart also known as steam tables.
Process 3-4: The dry saturated vapor expands through a turbine, generating power. This decreases the
temperature and pressure of the vapor, and some condensation may occur. The output in this process can be
easily calculated using the Enthalpy-entropy chart or the steam tables.
Process 4-1: The wet vapor then enters a condenser where it is condensed at a constant temperature to
become a saturated liquid.
A Gas Turbine Plant in its most simple form consists of following main parts:
1. Air Intake System

2. Compressor
3. Combustion Chamber
4. Turbine
5. Generator
NTPC Anta…
• Natural Gas & Naphtha - fired power station
• Fuel (Gas) Source: GAIL HBJ Pipeline
• Water Source: Chambal River
NTPC Anta…
Capacity
Stage Unit Number Installed Capacity (MW)
Date of Commissioning GT / ST
1 88.71 1989 April GT
2 88.71 1989 May GT
3 88.71 1989 July GT
4 153.20 1990 July ST
Total 419.33 MW
• Total Land : 390.75 Acres
• Fuel : Natural Gas & Naptha
• Water Source : Kota Right Main Canal
• Gas Turbine : 88 .71mw, 5 Stage
• GT Compressor : 18 Stage Axial Flow
• Combustion Chamber : Single Silo Type
• Air Intake Filter Type : Self Cleaning Tenekay
Cartridges
• Bypass Stack : Vertical 25 m High
• WHRB : Double Drum, Unifired,
Assisted Circulation Type
WHRB Steam Parameters : Pressure Flow Temp.
HP : 62.7 Bar 163 T/Hr 485°c
LP : 5.5 Bar 39.1 T/Hr 207°c
Steam Turbine : 153 Mw, Tandem Compounded, Double Exhaust,
Condensing Type, Horizontal,
25 Stage HP Turbine and 2x6 Stage LP Turbine
Condenser : 2 Pass Surface Condenser With Stainless Steel Tubes

SALIENT FEATURE OF ANTA STEAM TURBINE
MAKE : ABB , GERMANY

RATED OUT PUT : 153.28 MW
MAX. TERMINAL OUTPUT : 173.18 MW
LIVE STEAM PRESSURE
HP : 62.7 bar (abs.)
LP : 5.5 bar (abs.)
LIVE STEAM TEMPERATURE
HP : 485 0C
LP : 207 0C
VACUUM :0.1 bar(abs.)
SPEED : 3000 RPM
SALIENT FEATURE OF ANTA STEAM TURBINE
HP TURBINE
NO. OF STAGES : 25
TOTAL HP STEAM FLOW :459 t/hr.
HP MS PRESSURE : 61.75 bar
HP MS TEMPERATURE :485 0C
HPT EXH. PRESSURE :4.27 bar
HPT EXH. TEMPERATURE :181.8 0C
LP TURBINE
NO. OF STAGES : 2X6 , double flow
TOTAL LP STEAM FLOW :117.3 t/hr.
LP MS PRESSURE : 4.5 bar
LP MS TEMPERATURE : 207 0C
LPT EXH. TEMPERATURE :45.9 0C
GENERATORS
(a)Rated Output : 135 MVA for GTG & 191.6
MVA for STG
(b)Rated Terminal vol. : 10.5 KV for GTG & 15.75 KV
FOR STG
(c)Rated Speed : 3000 RPM
(d)Type of Cooling : AIR COOLED
Black Start Facility : 2.4 MW Diesel Generator Set

• Condenser Cooling Water System:
Cooling System For: Open Cycle/Closed Cycle
Condenser Cooling Tower Type: Induced Draft
Cooling Water Pumps: 3x50%, 15330 M3/Hr

Range Of Cooling : 10 ° C
GT Ratings at ISO Conditions
• 1 bar atmospheric Pressure
• 65 % Humidity
• 15 Deg C Ambient Temperature

Anta Design Conditions
• 1 bar atmospheric Pressure
• 60 % Humidity
• 27 Deg C Ambient Temperature

Anta-Plant Schemes
Anta-Gas Turbine Scheme
Anta-WHRB Scheme
Anta-Steam Turbine Scheme
Anta-Cooling Water Scheme
Anta-Electrical Scheme
Anta-Switch-yard Scheme
Thank You…
Contact us
Facebook.com/ntpc1 Address Email
Shree Ram Yadav, Manager, NTPC Limited Anta shreeramyadav@ntpc.co.in
Twitter.com/ntpclimited Phone
+91 94140 70215
LinkedIn.com/ntpc

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Gas Turbine & Combined Cycle Basics

Shree Ram Yadav

• Simple Cycle or Open Cycle

• Useful Work = Energy released in turbine minus energy absorbed by compressor.

• Overall Thermal Efficiency = Useful Work/Fuel Chemical Energy *100

Air intake 100% Electricity

TEMPERATURE, T B WORK DONE

PROCESS A-B: ISENTROPIC/ADIABATIC COMPRESSION PROCESS

PROCESS B-C: CONSTANT PRESSURE PROCESS

PROCESS C-D: CONSTANT PRESSURE & TEMPERATURE PROCESS

PROCESS D-E: ISENTROPIC/ADIABATIC EXPANSION PROCESS

PROCESS E-A: CONSTANT PRESSURE & TEMPERATURE PROCESS

1. Air Intake System

Condenser : 2 Pass Surface Condenser With Stainless Steel Tubes

MAKE : ABB , GERMANY

Black Start Facility : 2.4 MW Diesel Generator Set

Cooling Water Pumps: 3x50%, 15330 M3/Hr

• 15 Deg C Ambient Temperature

• 27 Deg C Ambient Temperature

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