Quadrature-Field Theory and Induction-Motor Action - Single-Phase Induction Motor Cannot Develop A Rotating Magnetic Field - Needs An "Auxiliary" Method

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Quadrature-Field Theory

and Induction-Motor Action


• Single-phase induction motor cannot
develop a rotating magnetic field
• Needs an “auxiliary” method
– That method is another (auxiliary) winding

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Single-Phase Squirrel-Cage
Induction Motor

There are two


“Main Poles”

Squirrel-Cage Rotor

Single-Phase Mains Supply


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Excite the Main Winding
Stator flux is produced
across the air gap – as
shown, it is increasing
in the downward
direction.
The squirrel-cage rotor
responds with a mmf in
the opposite (upward)
direction.
Magnetic axis of the
rotor is in line with the
magnetic axis of the
ECE 441
stator – no rotation! 3
Current “out of”
the page
“Main” pole flux (Φ)
increasing in the
downward direction

Rotor mmf
develops in
the upward
Current “into” the
direction
page

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Cause the rotor to turn clockwise
Rotor conductors cut
through the main pole
flux.
Current is induced in
the rotor bars as
shown, producing a
magnetic flux
perpendicular to the
main pole flux. This is
known as “Quadrature”
flux.

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The quadrature flux is
sustained as the rotor
conductors shift their
positions – other
conductors replace them.

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Phase Relationship Between the
Direct and Quadrature Flux

The “speed” voltage is in phase with the flux that created


it, and the flux due to current is in phase with the current
that caused it. The instantaneous amplitudes of the
direct and quadrature flux are shown above.
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Resultant Flux

• Determine from

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Resultant Flux Rotates CW

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Phase-Splitting
Split-Phase Induction Motor

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Provides “direct” flux

Start
winding

Provides
quadrature
flux

Ensures phase difference between winding currents

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Equivalent Circuit

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Purpose of the “Phase-Splitter”

• Make the current in the Auxiliary Winding out


of phase with the current in the Main Winding.
• This results in the quadrature field and the
main field being out of phase.
• The locked-rotor torque will be given by

T  k I I sin 
lr sp mw aw

    imw iaw

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Example 6-1

• The main and auxiliary windings of a


hypothetical 120 V, 60 Hz, split-phase
motor have the following locked-rotor
parameters:
– Rmw=2.00 Ω Xmw=3.50 Ω
– Raw=9.15 Ω Xaw=8.40 Ω
• The motor is connected to a 120 V
system. Determine

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Example 6-1 continued

• The locked-rotor current in each winding

Z mw
 R  jX
mw mw
 2.00  j 3.50  4.0311 60.2511
Z  R  jX  9.15  j 8.40  12.4211 42.553
aw aw aw
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Example 6-1 continued

V 120 0
I  T
  29.8  60.3A
4.0311 60.2511
mw
Zmw

V 120 0
I  T
  9.66  42.6A
12.4211 42.5530
aw
Zaw

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Example 6-1 continued

• The phase displacement angle between the


main and auxiliary currents

      60.3  42.6  17.7


imw iaw

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Example 6-1 continued

• The locked-rotor torque in terms of the


machine constant

T  k I I sin 
lr sp mw aw

T  k (29.8)(9.66) sin 17.7  87.52k


lr sp sp

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Example 6-1 continued

• External resistance required in series with the


auxiliary winding in order to obtain a 30 phase
displacement between the currents in the two
windings.

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Example 6-1 continued

• Phasor diagram for the new conditions

  60.3  30  30.3


'

iaw

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Example 6-1 continued
V V 0
I 
'
I T '
 30.3  T

Z '
aw aw
Z '

aw
'

aw Z aw

  30.3
Z aw
'

Z  R  R  jX
aw
'

x aw aw

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Example 6-1 continued

X
t an  
' aw

R R
Z aw

aw x

X
R  aw
R
t an 
x ' aw

Z aw

8.40
R   9.15  14.38  9.15  5.23
t an 30.3
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Example 6-1 continued

• Locked-rotor torque for the condition in d

T  k I I sin 
lr sp mw aw

V 120 0
I I  ' T

9.15  5.23  j 8.40


aw aw
Z '

aw

I  7.2  30.29
'

aw

T  k (29.8)(7.2) sin 30  107.1k


lr sp sp

T  107.1k
lr sp

ECE 441 23
Example 6-1 continued

• % increase in locked-rotor torque due to the


adding of additional resistance

107.1k  87.52k
sp
X 100%  22.37%
sp

87.52k sp

ECE 441 24

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