Separation and Classification of Solids

SEPARATION AND
CLASSIFICATION OF SOLIDS
SEPARATION
• Techniques used to separate one material from

other are called separation.
• Separations are extremely in chemical
manufacturer.
• Processing equipment is devoted to separate one
phase or one material from the other.
TYPES OF SEPARATION
• DIFFUSIONAL SEPARATION
• MECHANICAL SEPARATION
DIFFUSIONAL SEPARATION
• Is a techniqueused for the separation of
homogeneous mixtures.
• This separation includes the transfer of material
between the phases.
• Following are well adopted methods for the
diffusional separations:
1. Crystallization
2. Distillation
3. Absorption
MECHANICAL SEPARATION
• Is used for the separation of heterogeneous mixtures.

• These are based on the physical differences
between the particles such as size, shape or density.
• It can be appliedfor separating solids from solids,
solids from liquids and also solids from gases.
• There are two type of Mechanical Separation.
1. Classification
2. Screening
• Classification- is applied for the
separation of solids from gases and solids
from liquids.
• Screening- separation of mixture of

particles of various sizes into two or
more fraction by a screening surface.
This method is only based on the size of
particles.
SEPARATION TECHNIQUES
• Sieves
or sifters, are devices for separating wanted elements from
unwanted material or for characterizing the
particle size distribution of a sample,typically using a woven
screen such as a mesh or net or metal. A strainer is a form of
sieve used to separate solids from liquid. Sieving is a simple
technique for separating particles of different sizes.
• Mechanical screening
often just called screening, is the practice of taking
granulated ore material and separating
it into multiple grades by particle size.
This practice occur in a variety of industries such as
mining and mineral processing,agriculture,food,plastics,
and recycling.
• Magnetic separation
is a process in which magnetically susceptible material is
extracted from a mixture using a magnetic force.
This separation technique can be useful in mining iron as it
is attracted to a magnet.In the machine, ore is fed into a
conveyor belt which passes underneath two pairs of
electromagnets under which further belts run
at right angles to the feed belt.
Leaching
• is the process of extracting substances from a solid by

dissolving them in a liquid,either naturally or
through an industrial process. In the chemical processing
industry, leaching has a variety of commercial
applications,including separation of metal from ore
using acid,and sugar from sugar beets using hot water.
CLASSIFICATION OF SOLIDS
• On the basis of the nature of order present in the
arrangement of their constituent
particles, solids can be classified as crystalline or
amorphous. Due to the differences in the
arrangement of the constituent particles, the two
types of solids differ in their properties.
• A crystal or crystalline solid are those in which the
atoms, ions, or molecules that make up the solid exist
in a regular, well-defined arrangement. The smallest
repeating pattern of crystalline solids is known as
the unit cell, and unit cells are like bricks in a wall
they are all identical and repeating.
• Amorphous or non-crystalline solid do not have

much order in their structures. Though their
molecules are close together and have little
freedom to move, they are not arranged in a
regular order as are those in crystalline solids.
Common examples of this type of solid are glass
and plastics.
USES OF AMORPHOUS SOLIDS
• Amorphous solids such as glass and plastics are very

important materials and are widely used in
construction, house ware, laboratory ware etc.
• Amorphous silica is likely to be the best material for
converting sunlight into electricity.
• Another well known amorphous solid is rubber which
is used in making tyres shoes soles etc.
Classification of Crystalline Solids based on
Different Binding Forces
• Crystalline solids can be classified into different
categories depending upon the type of
constituent particles and the nature of
attractive forces operating between them.
THE END.

Separation and Classification of Solids

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Separation and Classification of Solids

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SEPARATION AND

• Techniques used to separate one material from

• Is used for the separation of heterogeneous mixtures.

• Screening- separation of mixture of

• is the process of extracting substances from a solid by

• Amorphous or non-crystalline solid do not have

• Amorphous solids such as glass and plastics are very

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