MT 247

POWER ELECTRONICS

Lecture 1: Introduction

Instructor: Mariam Saleem

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Name : Mariam Saleem
mariam.saleem71@ee.ceme.edu.pk [U can send subject related questions or assignments ]

PhD in Electrical Engineering : SEECS NUST (in progress)

MS in Signal Processing : CE&ME NUST
BE in Electrical Engineering : Air University
Work Experience
Visiting Lecturer  Air University, Islamabad
 Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi
 Bahria University, Islamabad

Lecturer  University of Lahore, Islamabad

General Manager National Project of Science &

( Quality Enhancement Cell) Engineering Trust (SET)
Research Assistant/ Lab  College of E&ME (NUST),Rawalpindi
Engineer
Engineering Mentor  Presto-Experts ( New York Based Organization)

Trainee Engineer  Ministry of Defense, Chaklala Garrison

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International Publications
 Mariam Saleem “Development and Comparison of Blind Cloning
Book Techniques in Digital Image Forensics”, ( Indexed in University of
Regensburg ,Germany)

 Mariam Saleem et al. “A Key-Point Based Robust Algorithm For Detecting

Cloning Forgery”, International Journal Of Current Engineering &
Technology, ISSN 2277-4106, Vol.4, No.4, Pp.2775-2779, August 2014.
Journal Papers  Mariam Saleem et al., “An Iterative Approach To Reconstruct Depth Map
For Image Relighting And Matching”, (INPRESSCO),ISSN 2277-4106
Vol.4,No.4,Pp.2780-2783,August 2014.
 Mariam Saleem, Dr.Qaiser Chaudry, “A PROSAC-Based Robust Forensic
Method for Cloning Detection”, ACEEE (ISI indexed).

 Mariam Saleem, “A Comparative Analysis on Pixel-Based Blind Cloning

Techniques ”,in IEEE 4th International Conference on Control System,
Conference Computing & Engineering , Penang (Malaysia), November 2014
Papers  Mariam Saleem, Dr. Qaiser Chaudry, “Survey on Blind Cloning
Techniques in Digital Image Forensics” in IEEE 12th International
Conference on Applied Science & Technology (IBCAST) , Islamabad
(Pakistan), January 2015
 Mariam Saleem et al., “Exposing Post Processed Cloning forgeries
through PROSAC”, ISSN 2321-5992, Beijing China , March 2015.
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 Course Structure
The course consists of Theory and Lab sessions, Theory Marks are distributed
as

 Theory 80%

1) Assignments 5%
2) Quizzes 10%
3) Midterm 20%
4) Final Exam 45%

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 Course Material
 Textbook:
Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices, and Applications by Muhammad H.
Rashid

 Reference Books:
Power Electronics by P. C. Sen
Power Electronics and Motor Control By W. Shepherd, L. N. Hulley and D. T.
W. Liang

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 Topic
Week
1 Basic concepts, History of Power Electronics, Types of PE devices, Application of
Power Electronics.
2,3 Diodes, Ideal & Reverse recovery characteristics, Power diode types, Diodes
connection, diodes with loads, recovery of trapped energy.
4
Diode rectifiers, rectifier circuit design & performance parameters.
5,6,7 Power Transistors, BJTs, MOSFETS,IGBTs, COOLMOS, SITs, Series & Parallel
Operation
Mid Term Exams
9,10
Thyristors, Characteristics & models, Types of Thyristors, Operating conditions.
11,12 Controlled Rectifiers, Operating conditions & performance parameters, AC voltage
Controllers
13,14 Static Switches & Power Supplies
15,16
Introduction to AC/DC drives.

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 Course Objective
 The course will cover the fundamental knowledge & basic principles behind
Power Electronics.

In addition, the course will present an overview of power semi-conductor

devices their characteristics & fundamental principles of power conversion

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 Outline of Lecture 1

1.1 Overview of Power Electronics

1.2 History of Development

1.3 Power Semi-Conductor Devices

1.4 Types of Power Convertors

1.5 Application of Power Electronics

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Power Electronics:
It combines

Power
Electronics &
Control

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 POWER
It deals with power equipment's for generation, transmission
& distribution of electrical energy

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 ELECTRONICS
It deals with solid-state devices & circuits for signal
processing

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Solid-State Devices
Circuits or devices built entirely from solid materials and in which the
electrons, or other charge carriers, are confined entirely within the solid
material.
Example : A metal-oxide Semi-Conductor FET

Source Gate Drain Gate Oxide

Field Oxide
n+ L
p-Si

Bulk (Substrate)
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Electric Circuits
An electric circuit is a collection of circuit elements that have been
connected together to achieve a specific goal.

Wire

Capacitor
Inductor

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 Resistors
Ability to resist flow of current in such away as to maintain a linear
proportional relationship between current and voltage.
Ohm’s law : Relate terminal voltages & currents of individual elements

i-v Characteristic
Short & Open Circuit
A straight line with slope 1/R.
A circuit with zero or minimal resistance (R=0) is
 The line goes through origin & its slope is termed as short circuit
constant through out.
A circuit with very large resistance (R=∞) is
termed as open circuit

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 Circuit Configuration of Resistors
I

Two or more elements are R1

connected in series if they carry

the same current and are V0
R2
connected sequentially.

I
Two or more elements are
connected in parallel if they are I1 I2
R1 R2
connected to the same two nodes V
& consequently have the same
voltage across them.

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 Capacitors
A passive element that consists of two conducting surfaces which are
separated by non conducting/dielectric material.
Capacitance :The ability of circuit element to store charge in response
to voltage is called capacitance.
Basic capacitance law Q  F (VC )
Capacitance is measured in Farad (F).

One Farad(F)is the capacitance of a device that

can store one Coulomb of charge at one Volt.

Coulomb
Farad 
Volt

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Current-Voltage (i-v characteristic)
• A capacitance is said to
perform the operation of
voltage differentiation.

• The capacitive current depend

upon rate of change of voltage.

• The more rapidly the voltage

changes the larger the current.

dq dv(t )
q  Cv  i (t )  C
dt dt

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Current-Voltage (i-v characteristic)

• Since it involves time so we can’t

visualize it in i-v plane , we will
separately examine v(t) & i(t)

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Voltage –current (v-i characteristic)

• To find voltage developed by

capacitance in response to an applied
current.
• Since it involves time so we can’t
visualize it in i-v plane , we will
separately examine v(t) & i(t)

1
VC (t )  Q
C

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 Energy stored in the capacitor
The instantaneous power delivered to the capacitor is

dv
p(t )  vi  Cv
dt
The energy stored in the capacitor is thus

dv tt
w   p(t )dt  C  v dt  C  vdv
 dt 

1 2
w  Cv (t ) joules
2
Inductors
A passive element that consists of a conducting wire usually in a form
of coil. It stores energy in its magnetic field.
Inductance: The property whereby an inductor exhibits opposition to
the change of current flowing through it.
d di
Basic inductance law vL  vL  L L
dt dt
Inductance is measured in Henry (H).

Volt
HENRY 
Amp
sec

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Voltage –current (v-i characteristic)

• Inductance is said to perform the

operation of current differentiation.
• Since it involves time so we can’t
visualize it in i-v plane , we will
separately examine v(t) & i(t).
• If current constant no voltage across
an inductance, if i increases
diL
vL  L inductance is absorbing energy & if I
dt decreases v is releasing energy.

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Current-Voltage (i-v characteristic)
• An inductance is said to
perform operation of voltage
integration.

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 Energy stored in an inductor
The instantaneous power delivered to an inductor is
di
p (t )  vi  Li
dt
The energy stored in the magnetic field is thus

di tt
wL (t )   p(t )dt  L  i dt  L  idi
 dt 

1 2
wL (t )  Li (t ) joules
2
 CONTROLS

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Closed-Loop System i.e with Feedback
Error

Output
Reference
Result
(Standard)
+- Controller Actuator Plant

Sensor
 What is a Actuator?
• Actuator is a device which produce
mechanical energy (output motion) in
response to some type of energy input.

Complex
Electrical

Mechanical

Energy Actuator Motion Linear

Thermal Electro-
Mechanical
Fluid
• Hydraulic Rotary
• Pneumatic

Chemical

DR.FIDA
 What is a sensor?
Sensors are transducers that produce (transform) electrical
energy (signals) as a result of some type of stimulation
(measurement space)

Temperature

Distance

Sensor
Electrical Voltage
Measurement Signals
Voltage
Force Current
Digital
Speed

Types of Sensors
Active.. Need External Power
Passive.. No External Power
Power Electronics
Electronics applied for the conversion and control of electric power.
to process and control the flow of electric energy by supplying
voltages and currents in a form that is suited for user loads.

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Relationship of Power Electronics to power,
electronics & controls

Electronics Power

Power
Electronics

Continuous,
discrete
Control
 1.2 History of Development
Application of
fast-switching
Invention of fully-controlled
Thyristor semiconductor
devices GTO
GTR IGBT
Mercury arc rectifier Power diode Power MOSFET Power MOSFET
Vacuum-tube rectifier Thyristor Thyristor Thyristor
Thyratron (microprocessor) (DSP)
1900 1957 mid 1970s late 1980s

Pre-history 1st phase 2nd phase 3rd phase

 1.3 Types of Power
Semiconductors Devices

•Semiconductor switches:
• Diodes
• MOSFETs
• IGBTs
• SCRs
• Energy storage elements Diode
• Inductors MOSFET
• Capacitors

SCR
IGBT
1.4 Types of power electronics
converters
Electronic power converter is the term that is used to refer to a power
electronic circuit that converts voltage and current from one form to
another
Power
output
Power
input
 AC to DC: RECTIFIER

AC input DC output

DC to DC: CHOPPER

DC input DC output

DC to AC: INVERTER

DC input AC output

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1.5 Applications of Power
Electronics
 Power supplies for electronic equipment

Telecommunications

Computers
computer
server

Office equipment

Electronic instruments

Portable or mobile electronics

Telecommunication
Utility systems applications

High-voltage dc transmission(HVDC)
 Supplemental energy sources :
solar, wind, photovoltaic, fuel cells
 Uninterruptible Power Supplies
Transportation applications
Trains & locomotives

Magnetic levitation

Electric vehicles

Hybrid cars

Automotive electronics

Ship power systems

Aircraft power systems

Residential and home appliances

 Temperature maintenance

Air conditioning

Refrigeration & freezers

Cooking

Cleaning

Entertaining ( Audio Amplifier)

Applications in space technology

Spaceship power systems

Satellite power systems

Space vehicle power systems