Chapter 4 –

The Union in Crisis

 Ch4 Vocabulary
1 Compromise of 1850 Vocab.
2 Fugitive Slave Act Quiz ch4:
3 Dred Scott Decision
4 Lincoln-Douglass Debates Friday,
5 Fort Sumter 9/14/12
6 Battle of Bull Run
7 Battle of Gettysburg
Test
8 Gettysburg Address
9 13th Amendment
Ch4
10 15th Amendment
& quote:
11 Reconstruction
Tuesday,
12 Sharecropping
9/18/12
 Ch4 Vocabulary
Dred Scott Decision: supreme
court decision that made it a
crime for northerners to help
escaped slaves (1858)

Gettysburg Address: speech by

Abraham Lincoln at the
dedication of a Civil War
cemetary (Nov. 1863)
 Ch. 4: The Union in Crisis
Section 1:
The Nation Splits Apart
Section 2:
The Civil War
Section 3:
Reconstruction
 The Nation Splits Apart 11.1.3

The Main Idea

By 1850 the issue of slavery dominated national politics, leading to
sectional divisions and, finally, the secession of the southern
states.

Reading Focus

• How did the issue of slavery influence expansion in the 1850s?

• How did other sectional conflicts influence national politics in the
1850s?
• What was Abraham Lincoln’s path to the White House?
• How and why did the South secede and form the Confederacy?
 Kansas, Expansion, and Slavery
• In Kansas, the government left the
issue of slavery for the residents to
decide, though there were widely
differing opinions.
• During the 1850s, several violent
battles took place between pro-
slavery and anti-slavery forces,
including the Marais des Cygnes
Massacre, when a gang of 30 pro-
slavery men gunned down 11 anti-
slavery settlers and killed five.
• So much violence took place that the
area was called “Bleeding Kansas,”
and the North and South realized
that Kansas would play a leading
role in deciding the slavery issue in
America.
• Victory in the Mexican War
raised an important question
about U.S. expansion. As new
states formed and joined the
Union, would they allow
slavery?
• In Congress, only perfect
balance between slave and
anti-slave states meant equal
representation for both sides.
 The Compromise of 1850
• Adding California to the Union
as an anti-slavery state would
shift the balance of power in
Congress toward the North.
• In January 1850 Kentucky
Senator Henry Clay introduced
a plan to preserve the balance
of power, sparking long
debates.
• After months of debate,
Congress passed the
Compromise of 1850, which
admitted California as a free
state, set the Texas-New
Mexico border, outlawed slave
commerce in the nation’s
capital, and made slavery a
popular sovereignty issue in
Utah and New Mexico.
One provision, the Fugitive
Slave Act, made it a crime to
aid runaway slaves and
allowed the arrest of escaped
slaves. Many northerners
actively broke this law, which
angered slave owners.
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin, an
anti-slavery book by
Harriet Beecher Stowe,
became a huge success
despite Southern outrage.
 The Kansas-Nebraska Act
• A proposed railroad to link
California with the rest of the
nation caused conflict.
– Illinois senator Stephen A.
Douglas thought that a
northern route would make
Chicago an urban center.
– He proposed organizing the
western lands into two
territories, Nebraska, and
Kansas.
– To win southern support, he
suggested dropping the
Missouri Compromise’s ban
on slavery, in favor of
popular sovereignty,
where residents vote to
decide on the issue.
• In May 1854 the Kansas-
Nebraska Act became
law, which outraged
northerners, weakened the
Democrats, and destroyed
the Whig Party.
• Soon after, northern Whigs
joined the Free-Soil Party
and other anti-slavery
parties to found the
Republican Party.
 Sectional Conflicts in Kansas
• In Lawrence, Kansas, a sheriff's posse
attacked anti-slavery newspapers and
burned buildings in what is known as
the Sack of Lawrence.
– In response, John Brown, an
abolitionist, and others killed five
pro-slavery settlers on
Pottawatomie Creek in Kansas.
• Before Kansas could apply for
statehood, voters had to approve a
constitution to allow or ban slavery.
– To win votes, both sides raised
money and organized to bring in
more settlers.
– Fraud and violence marked early
elections. Armed pro-slavery
Missourians crossed into Kansas to
vote.
– By 1856 Kansas had two
governments— one for slavery and
one against.
• In 1857 a pro-slavery
convention tried to
push through a pro-
slavery Kansas
constitution, the
Lecompton
constitution, which
allowed slavery and
excluded freed slaves
from the Bill of Rights.
It was not ratified.
• Kansas was eventually
admitted as a free
state, which deepened
sectional divisions.
 Events Spark National Political Conflict
• Election of 1856

• The nation was divided

on presidential
candidates.
• Democrats nominated
James Buchanan, a
former senator.
• The New Republican and
American Parties
nominated others.
• Democrats won by
characterizing
Republicans as
extremists on slavery.
 Events Spark National Political Conflict

• Dred Scott Decision

• Buchanan had pledged
not to interfere with
slavery where it
existed.
• Dred Scott, a slave
who lived on free soil,
sued for freedom.
• The Court ruled that
the 5th Amendment
protected slave
owners’ rights.
 Events Spark National Political Conflict

• John Brown’s Raid

• Abolitionist John Brown
planned a raid on the U.S.
arsenal to get guns for a
slave revolt.
• U.S. Marines stormed the
arsenal and captured
Brown and his followers.
• They were tried for treason
and executed, though
many northerners thought
Brown was a hero.
 Abraham Lincoln Rises
Lincoln’s Upbringing
• Lincoln was born in 1809 in a
one-room cabin near
Louisville, Kentucky.
• Lincoln’s family was very
poor, held no slaves, and
opposed slavery. They
moved to the Indiana
Territory in 1816.
• In 1828 he got a job on a
riverboat from Indiana to
New Orleans, and there had
his first contact with slavery
at a New Orleans slave
auction.
 Lincoln’s Early Political Career
• Lincoln moved to New Salem,
Illinois, and ran for state
legislature.
• He won a seat in the Illinois General
Assembly and studied law at home.
• He married Mary Todd, the
daughter of a Kentucky slaveholder.
• In 1846 he was elected to
Congress, and proposed the radical
idea of “compensated
emancipation,” or paying slave
owners to free their slaves.
• Lincoln campaigned for successful
Whig Party presidential candidate
Zachary Taylor, and was upset that
he was not given the position he
was promised.
• He resigned from Congress in 1849
and went home to Illinois to
practice law. However, the Kansas-
Nebraska Act, which allowed all
residents to vote on slavery,
sparked him to reenter politics as a
Republican.
 Debates and Election
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates
• Stephen A. Douglas defeated
Lincoln in the Senatorial race.
– In a speech, Lincoln stated,
the U.S. was “a house divided
against itself” on the issue of
slavery.
– National news attention about
the speech led to the Lincoln-
Douglas debates.
• During the debates:
– Lincoln challenged Douglas on
popular sovereignty.
– In the Freeport Doctrine,
Douglas said people could stop
slavery by refusing to pass
laws allowing it.
– Lincoln called slavery immoral
but denied proposing racial
equality.
 Debates and Election
The Election of 1860
• Two years later, Lincoln and
Douglas ran against each other
for president, facing hard battles.
• The Democrats were divided and
split completely, as southern
Democrats walked out of the
nominating convention.
• The remaining Democrats
nominated Douglas, and southern
Democrats elected John
Breckenridge.
• Southern moderates started their
own party, the Constitutional
Union Party.
• The Republicans chose Lincoln
because his abolitionist views
were strong but moderate.
• Lincoln won the election in the
North and became president.
 Southern Secession: Causes and Effects
• A week after Lincoln’s election,
the South Carolina legislature
called a convention to consider
leaving the Union.
• They decided for it, and the rest
of the Lower South quickly
followed, including Mississippi,
Florida, Alabama, Georgia,
Louisiana, and Texas.
• Four other states—Virginia, North
Carolina, Tennessee, and
Arkansas—also threatened to
secede.
• Though many southerners and
even up to 40 percent of
delegates opposed secession, the
decision was made by radicals at
the convention.
• Northern reactions to secession
varied, with some happy to lose
the slave states and others
worried about the long-term
effects.
 Causes of Secession
• The Compromise of 1850
• The Kansas-Nebraska Act
• The Lincoln-Douglas Debates
• The Election of 1860

•Effects of Secession
•South Carolina fears a northern-
controlled government will act against
slavery and withdraws from the
Union.
•Several states follow, forming the
Confederate States of America.
 The Confederacy is Born
• In February 1861,
representatives of the seven
seceded states met in
Montgomery, Alabama, to form
a new nation. They wrote a
constitution that allowed slavery
and guaranteed slave holder’s
rights.
• They chose Jefferson Davis, a
former U.S. Senator from
Mississippi, as president.
• They created an association of
the states called the
Confederate States of
America, or the Confederacy,
which, problematically, lacked
national currency and official
headquarters.
• The House and Senate sought
ways to avoid war, including
appointing special committees to
suggest possible solutions.
• One plan, the Crittenden
Compromise, proposed
new constitutional
amendments, including
allowing slavery in some
parts of America and
compensating slave
holders for escaped slaves.
• The negotiations failed, as
Lincoln’s presidency was a
main reason for secession.
Lincoln privately opposed
any extension of slavery,
though he promised in his
inaugural speech not to
interfere with slavery
where it already existed.
 Ch4 Vocabulary
1 Compromise of 1850 Vocab.
2 Fugitive Slave Act Quiz ch4:
3 Dred Scott Decision
4 Lincoln-Douglass Debates Friday,
5 Fort Sumter
9/14/12
6 Battle of Bull Run
7 Battle of Gettysburg Test
8 Gettysburg Address Ch4
9 13th Amendment & quote:
10 15th Amendment
11 Reconstruction Tuesday,
12 Sharecropping 9/18/12
 Ch4 Vocabulary
Dred Scott Decision: supreme
court decision that made it a
crime for northerners to help
escaped slaves (1858)

Gettysburg Address: speech by

Abraham Lincoln at the
dedication of a Civil War
cemetary (Nov. 1863)
 Ch. 3: The Union in Crisis
Section 1:
The Nation Splits Apart
Section 2:
The Civil War
Section 3:
Reconstruction
 The Civil War 11.1.4
11.3.2

The Main Idea

The Civil War broke out following a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter,
leading to widespread fighting, heavy casualties, and the eventual
defeat of the Confederacy.

Reading Focus

• How did the Civil War begin, and what were some early battles?
• What was life like during the Civil War?
• How did continued fighting turn the tide of the war?
• What happened in the final phase of the war?
 Union

Civil War Confederacy

1861-65
 The Civil War Begins
• In 1861 Lincoln sent only non-
military supplies to the
struggling soldiers at Fort
Sumter, one of few Union-held
places in the South.
• The Confederacy opened fire on
Fort Sumter and the Civil War
began.
• Lincoln called for volunteers to
join the northern army and slave
states in the Union were forced
to choose sides.
• Questions rose over border
states such as Maryland and
Missouri, which went to the
Union, and Kentucky, which
went to the Confederacy.
• The North and South had
different goals and advantages
for war.
 Northern Goals and Advantages
• Goals:
– Preserve the Union
– Abolish slavery
• Advantages:
– Larger population
– More railroads

Southern Goals and Advantages

•Goals:
-Preserve their way of life
-Be left alone with slavery
unchanged
•Advantages:
-Nation’s best soldiers
-Cotton exports for foreign aid
 Tactics, Technology, and Battle

Though the top generals of both

sides were trained at West Point
and knew military tactics from
the Mexican War, this Civil War
was different for many reasons:
– Far deadlier weapons,
including better rifles,
machine guns, and
exploding shells
– The use of observation
balloons and camouflage
– Officers and government
communicated quickly by
telegraph.
– Railroads moved large
numbers of troops quickly
• The Battle of Bull Run
near Washington, D.C. was
the war’s first major battle.
Untrained troops on both
sides transformed the
battle to chaos and ended
hopes for a short war.
 Different Regions of the War

War in the West

• Gaining control of the Mississippi
River would split the Confederacy
in two.
– In early 1862 Union general
Ulysses S. Grant opened two
major water routes into the
western Confederacy.
• Grant moved South, winning a
major victory at the Battle of
Shiloh in Tennessee, but the
fierce battle dashed northern
hopes that the rebellion would
collapse on its own.
• A Union fleet under Admiral David
Farragut moved north along the
Mississippi, capturing New
Orleans and other river cities.
 War in the East
• Union general George B.
McClellan delayed his attack
on the Confederate capital at
Richmond.
• Confederate general Robert
E. Lee lured Union forces to
the Second Battle of Bull Run
in Virginia, and won.
• Defeat in Virginia hurt
northern morale, so Lee
wanted to invade Maryland,
hoping a victory on Union soil
would force northern
surrender or gain foreign
trust and aid.
• The Battle of Antietam, the
bloodiest of the war, was
considered a Union victory
only because it stopped Lee’s
northern invasion.
 African Americans during the Civil War
• In the South, slave labor helped to
provide the food necessary to feed
the Confederate army.
• Thousands of slaves, however,
escaped to join invading Union
troops, and many were hired.
• As the fighting continued, some
northerners wanted not only to
preserve the union but to punish
the South for its slavery policies
and free the slaves.
• On January 1, 1863, President
Lincoln issued the
Emancipation Proclamation,
freeing enslaved people in all
areas that were in rebellion
against the U.S.
• Some northerners opposed the
proclamation, others thought it
did not go far enough.
• The proclamation encouraged
freedmen to join Union forces,
where almost 180,000 African
Americans served in segregated
units.
 Conditions at War and at Home
• Conditions for Soldiers
• Most soldiers died not from
wounds but from contagious
diseases and illness due to
poor sanitation and polluted
water.
• Soldiers spent most of their
days in camp, doing drills,
writing letters home, and
playing games.
• Conditions were terrible for
prisoners of war at
overcrowded camps and
prisons.
 Conditions at War and at Home

• The Home Front

• Southerners suffered
property damage, food
shortages, and inflation.
• The Confederacy, started
the first U.S. draft and the
North followed, which
caused riots.
• Anti-war demonstrators
hurt the Union war effort,
They were called
Copperheads by critics and
were jailed without trial.
 Conditions at War and at Home

• Women and War

• Some women disguised

themselves as men and
enlisted in the army, while
some worked as spies.
• Women took over daily life
at home, on plantations,
and in factories.
• About 3,000 women
served in the Union army
as nurses
• Some women, such as
Clara Barton, cared for the
wounded on battlefields.
 Union

Civil War Confederacy

1861-65
 Ch4 Vocabulary
1 Compromise of 1850 Vocab.
2 Fugitive Slave Act Quiz ch4:
3 Dred Scott Decision
4 Lincoln-Douglass Debates Friday,
5 Fort Sumter
9/14/12
6 Battle of Bull Run
7 Battle of Gettysburg Test
8 Gettysburg Address Ch4
9 13th Amendment & quote:
10 15th Amendment
11 Reconstruction Tuesday,
12 Sharecropping 9/18/12
 Ch3 Essay Examples
Per.1
How did the industrial revolution affect the U.S.?
Industrialization had a very good effect on the United
States, though it also wasn’t perfect. As the United States
rapidly began to change and grow as a whole economy rose
more money was produced for not only for business owners
and workers but also for the government. Surrounding
countries believed the United States was a wonderful
growing and life-changing place but they did not see the
defects of it. The United States had many bad effects. It
was a struggle for children and adults for they had long,
low paying jobs. All this commotion caused out of state
immigrants to come to the U.S. and this caused crowded,
unsanitary cities. The industrialization really changed the
shape of the U.S. not only in good ways but in bad ways,
too.
 Ch3 Essay Examples
Per.1
What impact did the Second Great Awakening have on the
U.S.?

The Second Great Awakening had a tremendous impact on

the U.S. that led to many movements. For example, the
Second Great Awakening led to the encouragement to the
abolition movement, which was an attempt to get rid of
slavery in early 1800s. Next, the Second Great Awakening
led to women’s rights which gave women the opportunity to
vote and do many more things than just cook and clean.
Finally, it all led to the attempt in improving life for people
in the cities causing shorter work days for people.
 Ch3 Essay Examples
Per.1
Was the Missouri Compromise effective?

The Missouri Compromise was not effective in solving the

problem it set out to solve. It did not solve the problem of
slavery, which was on of the causes of the Civil War. It also
did not expect new territory as the nation expanded due to
the war. Lastly, it put the idea of a divided nation inot the
minds of the people.
 Ch3 Essay Examples
Per.2
How did the industrial revolution affect the U.S.?

Industrialization definitely changed the U.S. The effects it

had on society seemed to balance itself out between the
good and the bad. Some good things were increased
population, more jobs, new inventions, and even unions.
Some of the bad things were the poor working conditions,
conflict between the North and the South, and child labor.
All in all, I believe industrialization affected the U.S. in
neither a positive or a negative way. The industrial
revolution simply modernized the U.S.
 Ch3 Essay Examples
Per.2
What impact did the Second Great Awakening have on the
U.S.?

The Second Great Awakening had a big impact on the U.S.

First, there was a reform movement that tried to limit the
use of alcohol, better education and hospitals along with
prisons. Then there was more rights: for slaves,
immigrants, workers, and women. Finally, there was also
an abolition movement which helped tried to end slavery
with abolition societies and encouraged the Underground
Railroad.
 Ch4 Vocabulary
Dred Scott Decision: supreme
court decision that made it a
crime for northerners to help
escaped slaves (1858)

Gettysburg Address: speech by

Abraham Lincoln at the
dedication of a Civil War
cemetary (Nov. 1863)
 Union

Civil War Confederacy

1861-65
 Ch. 3: The Union in Crisis
Section 1:
The Nation Splits Apart
Section 2:
The Civil War
Section 3:
Reconstruction
 The Civil War 11.1.4
11.3.2

The Main Idea

The Civil War broke out following a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter,
leading to widespread fighting, heavy casualties, and the eventual
defeat of the Confederacy.

Reading Focus

• How did the Civil War begin, and what were some early battles?
• What was life like during the Civil War?
• How did continued fighting turn the tide of the war?
• What happened in the final phase of the war?
 Fighting Continues
• The Civil War tore America apart,
but it also had international
effects.
– Union naval blockades
stopped the South from
trading with the world.
– When blockades became hard
to cross southerners used
blockade runners, or low,
sleek ships that took cotton
to Caribbean ports for
transfer to Europe.
– Southerners made an
ironclad ship that
withstood cannon fire to
break through the
blockade, but when the
North built one also, the
first ironclad battle took
place and changed
naval warfare forever.
• Though most action was in the
East, forces also clashed west of
the Mississippi River over natural
resources, additional soldiers, and
territory.
– Congress admitted Kansas,
Dakota, Colorado, and Nevada
territories as free states, then
they created Idaho, Arizona,
and Montana territories.
– Lincoln appointed pro-Union
officials to head the territories.
– He did not enforce the draft in
the West, though many joined
voluntarily.
• More than 10,000 Native
Americans fought, many for the
Union.
 Three Major Battles

• After disastrous Union

losses at Fredericksburg in
December 1862, Union
forces were ready to fight
again by spring.
• General Joseph Hooker
was now in command, and
he led three major battles
in 1862 and 1863.
 Three Major Battles

• Chancellorsville
• Hooker planned to take
Richmond by surprise.
• Lee marched his army west,
leaving some behind as a
distraction.
• Lee ordered a surprise
attack and won the battle.
 Three Major Battles

• Gettysburg
• Lee tried to invade the
North again.
• In this three day battle,
troops held positions for
two days, until 15,000
Confederate troops
charged the center lines
and in the battle lost most
of their troops. Lee
retreated to Virginia.
 Three Major Battles

• Vicksburg
• Meanwhile, Grant took
Vicksburg, a Confederate
stronghold in Mississippi.
• He shelled the city for
weeks, trying to starve out
defenders, until they
surrendered.
 The Final Phase
Campaigns of 1864
• After major victories, the
Confederacy won the Battle of
Chickamauga, but Grant
rescued the Union at
Chattanooga.
• Lincoln gave Grant control of all
the Union armies, and Grant
moved the Army of the
Potomac further and further
south, despite heavy losses in
the Battle of the Wilderness and
the Battle of Spotsylvania.
• After the Battle of Cold Harbor,
Grant began a siege of
Richmond to cut supplies to the
capital.
• Then Union general Sherman
invaded Georgia, laid siege to
Atlanta, closed railroad access
to the city, and forced
Confederate general Hood’s
troops to abandon the city
 The Final Phase
The Election of 1864
• While Sherman took Atlanta,
the Democrats chose popular
General George McClellan as
their candidate.
• The Republicans chose Andrew
Johnson, a pro-Union
Democrat, as Lincoln’s vice
president to help Lincoln’s
wavering appeal.
• The Emancipation
Proclamation and high
casualties made the war
unpopular and even Lincoln
expected to lose the election.
• News of Sherman’s Atlanta
capture shifted public opinion,
and Lincoln defeated
McClellan, allowing Congress
to pass the Thirteenth
Amendment ending slavery.
 The War Ends
• As Lincoln began his second
term in March 1865, the war
seemed nearly over. Lincoln
announced his intention to
be forgiving to the South in
order to build up the nation’s
strength.
• After the election, Sherman’s
troops marched across
Georgia in “Sherman’s March
to Sea,” and burned much of
Atlanta.
• Sherman believed that
striking at economic
resources would help win the
war. His troops slaughtered
livestock, destroyed crops,
and looted homes and
businesses.
• Eventually Confederate
leaders were forced out of
Richmond, and Lee
surrendered when he found
his troops surrounded.
• Lee and Grant met to
negotiate terms of the
Confederacy’s surrender,
which were very generous
for such a long and bitter
conflict: Lee’s troops were
to turn over their weapons
and leave.
• The North celebrated, but
Lincoln’s assassination in
1865, before the official end
of the war, changed the
course of American history.
 Ch4 Vocabulary
1 Compromise of 1850 Vocab.
2 Fugitive Slave Act Quiz ch4:
3 Dred Scott Decision
4 Lincoln-Douglass Debates Friday,
5 Fort Sumter
9/14/12
6 Battle of Bull Run
7 Battle of Gettysburg Test
8 Gettysburg Address Ch4
9 13th Amendment & quote:
10 15th Amendment
11 Reconstruction Tuesday,
12 Sharecropping 9/18/12
 Union

Civil War Confederacy

1861-65
 Chapter 4 –

The Union in Crisis

 Ch. 3: The Union in Crisis
Section 1:
The Nation Splits Apart
Section 2:
The Civil War
Section 3:
Reconstruction
 Reconstruction
• The Main Idea
• Conflicting plans for dealing
with the post-Civil War South
had long-lasting effects on
government and the economy.

• Reading Focus
• What were the differing plans
for presidential Reconstruction?
• What was congressional
Reconstruction?
• What happened when Radical
Republicans took charge of
Reconstruction?
• Why did Reconstruction end,
and what were its effects on
American history?
 Presidential Reconstruction

• *Lincoln’s Plan
In late 1863 Lincoln issued a Proclamation of
Amnesty and Reconstruction, offering
forgiveness to all southerners who pledged
loyalty to the Union and supported
emancipation.
Lincoln’s Ten-Percent Plan stated that once
10 percent of a southern state’s voters took
the oath, they could organize a new state
government, which had to ban slavery.
Lincoln’s Plan=10% Plan; very
easy on the South
• Lincoln’s Plan Sparks
Debate in Congress
• Some Congress members
thought re-admitting states
to the Union was only a
power of Congress; some
thought the South never
officially left the union.
• Others thought southern
states should go through the
same admission process for
statehood as territories.
• Congress Responds,
Tragedy Strikes
• Congress’ own plan, the
Wade-Davis Bill, required a
majority of a state’s white
men to pledge the oath,
not just 10 percent. It was
vetoed by Lincoln.
• Lincoln was assassinated
by John Wilkes Booth in
1865, and didn’t live long
enough to carry out his
Reconstruction plans for
the South.
 Johnson’s Plan

• After Lincoln’s death,

Vice President Andrew
Johnson became
president.
• Though he was a
Democrat, Republicans
thought he would work
with them because he
didn’t seem as forgiving
as Lincoln.
• As a Tennessean from a
poor family, Johnson
didn’t dislike the South,
just wealthy planters.
• Johnson’s plan was
similar to Lincoln’s, with
a few changes.
 The Reconstruction Plan

• Added wealthy southern

men to the list of those who
needed to be pardoned by
government
• Did not, according to
Charles Sumner, Thaddeus
Stevens, and other powerful
members in Congress,
provide any role in
government for freedmen,
or those freed from slavery
• Was welcomed by white
southerners, who could
form state governments on
their own terms
Thaddeus Stevens
 Reactions in the South

• Former Confederates took

state offices and were
sent to Congress.
• The Black Codes were
formed, keeping
freedmen in a dependent
position and providing
cheap farm labor.
• Private groups formed
like the Ku Klux Klan,
who enforced the Black
Codes and terrorized
African Americans and
their supporters.
 Congress Takes Control
• Most northerners
supported Johnson’s plan,
until the Black Codes and
the return of former
Confederates to power
upset them.
• That strengthened Radical
Republicans, who wanted
a stronger Reconstruction
program to reshape
southern society
politically and
economically, and to help
freedmen gain equality.
• After Congress
reconvened in 1866,
moderate Republicans,
who controlled both the
House and the Senate,
proposed two bills.
• The first supported the
Freedmen’s Bureau, an
organization Congress
created in 1865 to help
former slaves and poor
whites in the South. It
allowed the bureau to
build more schools and
provide other aid.
• The second bill was the
Civil Rights Act of 1866,
which gave African
Americans citizenship
and guaranteed them
the same legal rights as
white Americans.
• Both bills passed in
Congress, but Johnson’s
veto led moderate
Republicans to help
Radical Republicans
take over
Reconstruction.
 Radical Reconstruction

• To protect the Civil Rights Act

of 1866, Congress passed the
Fourteenth Amendment,
requiring states to grant
citizenship to everyone born or
naturalized in the United
States and promising “equal
protection of the laws.”
• In the 1866 congressional
elections, Radicals gained
enough votes to take over
Reconstruction, and passed
four Reconstruction Acts
• The acts set three conditions
for readmission.
– Ratify the Fourteenth
Amendment
– Write new state
constitutions that
guaranteed freedmen the
right to vote
– Form new governments to
be elected by all male
citizens
• Congress also passed the
Tenure of Office Act in 1867,
requiring the Senate’s
permission to remove any
official it appointed.
• When Johnson tested
the act by firing
Secretary of War Edwin
Stanton, who supported
Radical Republicans, the
House voted to impeach
him.
• The Senate lacked one
vote for the two-thirds
majority they needed to
remove Johnson from
office.
 Union

Civil War Confederacy

1861-65
 Chapter 4 –

The Union in Crisis

 Ch4 Vocabulary
1 Compromise of 1850 Vocab.
2 Fugitive Slave Act Quiz ch4:
3 Dred Scott Decision
4 Lincoln-Douglass Debates Friday,
5 Fort Sumter
9/14/12
6 Battle of Bull Run
7 Battle of Gettysburg Test
8 Gettysburg Address Ch4
9 13th Amendment & quote:
10 15th Amendment
11 Reconstruction Tuesday,
12 Sharecropping 9/18/12
 Republicans in Charge

• Republicans chose Civil

War hero Ulysses S.
Grant as their candidate
in the 1868 presidential
election.
• About half a million
African American votes
gave Grant the victory.
• Congress passed the
Fifteenth Amendment,
protecting African
American male voting
rights.
• As Congress took
control of
Reconstruction,
discrimination slowed
and the Black Codes
were repealed.
• White southerners who
supported
Reconstruction were
called scalawags, or
scoundrels, by ex-
Confederates.
• This varied group
included farmers who
wanted the wealthy
class’s power, those
ruined by the war, and
business leaders who
wanted to stop the
South’s dependence on
agriculture.
• Northerners who came
south to join in the
region’s rebirth were
called carpetbaggers.
• They also came from
varied backgrounds,
including politicians,
teachers, Freedmen’s
Bureau officers and
former soldiers.
• Some were African
Americans.
 Freedom Brings Changes

• Freedom meant African

Americans could search
for long-lost relatives,
own land, and have jobs
of their choice.
• Many freedmen moved
to urban areas, mainly
in the South, but were
met with prejudice and
low pay.
• Some went West,
becoming business
owners, miners,
soldiers, or cowboys.
• Freed slaves eagerly
sought education. The
Freedmen’s Bureau
started more than 4,000
schools.
• African Americans also
established churches,
created trade
associations, fire
companies, employment
agencies, and mutual
aid societies.
 Economic Changes
• For many freedmen, owning land
meant freedom, but even those
with money found landowners
unwilling to sell to them and give
them economic independence.
• A new labor system gradually
arose.
– Sharecroppers received a share
of their employers’ crops. The
employer provided land,
shelter, seeds, animals, and
tools. The sharecropper
provided labor.
– Tenant farmers
rented their land
from landowners and
could grow any crop.
Many grew food
crops, not cotton, to
provide both food
and income.
• It was hard for tenant
farmers and sharecroppers to
rise out of poverty.
• While the rural South
suffered economic hardship,
southern cities grew rapidly
as railroads linked North and
South.
• Southern business leaders
and northern investors joined
to build mills and other
ventures, but this did not
help freedmen or poor
southerners.
 Reconstruction Ends

Violence
• Violence plagued the South during Reconstruction.
• The KKK and similar groups terrorized minorities.
• Terrorists targeted African American leaders and
people of both races with burnings and violence.
• They beat Freedmen’s Bureau teachers and murdered
public officials, many of whom resigned.
• When state governments couldn’t control violence,
Congress passed Enforcement Acts that set penalties
for trying to prevent a qualified citizen from voting.
• The Acts also gave the army and federal courts the
power to punish Klan members.
 Discontent
• Eventually, most people were unhappy with
Reconstruction.
• The army still had to keep the peace in the South,
and the Republican government seemed ineffective.
• African Americans were unhappy about their
poverty and lack of land reform and all were
discouraged by the South’s poor economy.
• Some said Reconstruction governments were
corrupt.
• These conditions strengthened the Liberal
Republicans, who broke party and helped Democrats
win back Congress in 1872.
 The Impact of Reconstruction
• By the mid-1870s it was clear that
Reconstruction was ending.
• Its fiercest leaders, Thaddeus Stevens
and Charles Sumner, had died.
• Supreme Court decisions, such as the
Slaughterhouse Cases, in which the
Court said that most civil rights were
under state control and not protected by
the Fourteenth Amendment, weakened
its protections.
• As support for Reconstruction declined,
southern Democratic leaders and
supporters grew bolder.
• Lawlessness and violence against
Republican candidates increased, and
some were murdered.
• When Mississippi’s governor asked
Ulysses S. Grant for help in 1875, he
refused.
• In the 1876 presidential election,
Rutherford B. Hayes was given the
presidency when Republicans promised
to withdraw federal troops from the
South, causing the collapse of Republican
state governments. Rutherford B.
Hayes
• Some called the post-Reconstruction
South “the New South.”
 Union

Civil War Confederacy

1861-65
1. Take out a piece of notebook
paper. Clear everything else
off you desk.
2. Title it “Vocab Quiz ch4”
3. Number 1-12

Chapter 4 –

The Union in Crisis

 Ch4 Vocab Quiz
1 7

2 8

3 9

4 10

5 11

6 12
 Ch4 Vocab Quiz
Dred Scott
1 7
Decision
Gettysburg
2 8
Address
Fugitive Slave
3 9
Act
4 13th Amendment 10
Compromise of
5 11
1850
Battle of Bull
6 12
Run
 Ch4 Vocab Quiz
Dred Scott
1 7 Fort Sumter
Decision
Gettysburg
2 8 Sharecropping
Address
Fugitive Slave Battle of
3 9
Act Gettysburg
Lincoln-Douglas
4 13th Amendment 10
Debates
Compromise of
5 11 Reconstruction
1850
Battle of Bull
6 12 15th Amendment
Run
 Test Review:
Write this chart on a piece of notebook paper. Read the study guide. Using the chart below,
1. Create categories for the facts.
2. Write the number of the facts in the proper column.
3. There must be at least 2 facts in each category
4. Due at the end of the period.

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7.
Misc.
 Venn Diagram Word Bank
13th Amendment Abraham Lincoln
(6) (10)
George
James Madison (8)
Washington (9)
Compromise of
Constitution (1)
1850 (3)
Thomas Three-Fifths
Jefferson (7) Compromise (4)
Declaration of Emancipation
Independence (2) Proclamation (5)
 Venn Diagram Word Bank
1620: Pilgrims on
the Mayflower
1776: Dec. of
Ind.
1789:
Constitution
1861-65: Civil
War
1877: end of
reconstruction
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