I’m Teacher JM

A square can be classified in many

different ways. It is a quadrilateral but it is
also a polygon and a two-dimensional
shape. Just as shapes can be classified in
many different ways, so can numbers.
 A child learns to count “one, two, three, four, …”。
These are sometimes called the counting numbers or
whole numbers.

The child say “I am three”, or “I live at number 73.”

If we include the number 0, then we have the set

of numbers called the natural numbers.

The set of natural number N = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …}

 On a cold day, the temperature may be 4° C at 10 p.m.
If the temperature drops by a further 6 ° C, then the
temperature is “below zero”; it is -2 ° C.

If you are overdrawn at the bank by $200, this might

be shown as - $200.

The sets of integers Z = { . . ., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …}.

Z is therefore an extension of N. Every natural

number is an integer.
 A rational number is any number that can be
written as a ratio, a fraction, where the numerator and
denominator are integers.
1 1
3, 3 and 3 are rational numbers.
2 4

All rational numbers can be written as a fraction

whose denominator is not zero.

1 3 7 153
0.2  0.3  7 1.53 
5 10 1 100
 All terminating and recurring decimals are rational
numbers as they can also be written as a fraction.

* Terminating decimals

1 3 3
0.5 = ，0.75 = ，0.375 =
2 4 8
* Recurring decimals
。 2 。。
0. 2 = 0. 2 1 = 0.212121212121...
9
The set of rational number is an extension of
the set of integers.
 An irrational numbers are numbers which cannot
expressed as a fraction.
All non-terminating and non-recurring decimals
are irrational numbers.
* Non- terminating decimals
2 = 4.414213562 7.73205080 75 ...
* Non-recurring decimals

π = 3.14159265
4... 2.1313313331 3333 ...
 The set of rational and irrational numbers together
form the set of real numbers .
 A prime number is one whose only factors are 1 and itself.
( Note that 1 is not a prime number.)

Examples:
2, 11, 19, 23, 37, 53

The reciprocal of a number is obtained when 1 is divided by

that number.

5 2 1 5
Examples: 5 = = or
5 2 2
1
5
 Homework!!!
Exercise 1.1
In a 10 by 10 square, write the numbers 1 to
100.
a. Cross out number 1.
b. Cross out all the even numbers after 2 (these have 2 as
a factor).
c. Cross out every third number after 3 ( these have 3 as a
factor).
d. Continue with 5, 7, 11 and 13, then list all the prime
 The number 1 can be written as 1 x 1 or 12 .

The number 4 can be written as 2 x 2 or 22 .

9 can be written as 3 x 3 or ____.

16 can be written as 4 x 4 or ____.

When an integer (whole number) is multiplied by itself,

the result is a square number. In the examples above, 1, 4, 9 and 16
are all square numbers.
 The numbers 1 can be written as 1 x 1 x 1 or 13 .
The number 8 can be written as ________ or 23 .
27 can be written as 3 x 3 x 3 or ___ .
64 can be written as 4 x 4 x 4 or ___.

When an integer is multiplied by itself and then by

itself again, the result is a cube number. In the examples
above, 1, 8, 27 and 64 are all cube numbers.
 The factors of 12 are all the numbers which will divide exactly
into 12, i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12.

Exercise 1.2

1. List all the factors of the following numbers:

a.) 6 b.) 9 c.) 7 d.) 15 e.) 24

f.) 36 g.) 35 h.） 25 i.) 42 j.) 100

a.) 6 = 6 x 1, 2x3
Factors: 1, 2, 3 and 6
b.) 9 = 9 x 1, 3x3
Factors: ____________
c.) 7 =7x1
Factors: ____________
d.) 15 = 1 x 15, 3x5
Factors: ____________
e.) 24 = 1 x 24, 2 x 12, 3 x 8, 4x6
Factors: _____________________
f.) 36 = 1 x 36, 2 x 18, 3 x 12, 4 x 9, 6x6
Factors: __________________________
 g.) 35 = 1 x 35, 5x7

Factors: _____________

 h.) 25 = 1 x 25, 5x5

Factors: _______________

i.) 42 = 1 x 42, 2 x 21, 3 x 14, 6x7

Factors: ______________________

 j.) 100 = 1 x 100, 2 x 50, 4 x 25, 5 x 20, 10 x 10

Factors: __________________________
 The factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12.

Of these, 2 and 3 are prime numbers, so 2 and 3

are the prime factors of 12.
Exercise 1.3 1. List the prime factors of the following
numbers:
a.) 15 = 1 x 15, 3x5
Prime factors: 3 and 5
b.) 18 = 1 x 18, 2 x 9, 3x6
Prime Factors: 2 and 3
c.) 24 = 1 x 24, 2 x 12, 3 x 8, 4 x 6,
Prime Factors: _________
d.) 16 = 1 x 16, 2 x 8, 4 x 4,
Prime Factors: ___________
e.) 20 = 1 x 20, 2 x 10, 4 x 5,
Prime factors: ___________
f.) 13 = 1 x 13
Prime Factors: ____________
g.) 33 = 1 x 33, 3 x 11
Prime Factors: ______________
h.) 35 = 1 x 35, 5x7
Prime Factors: ______________
i.) 70 =1 x 70, 2 x 35, 5 x 14, 7 x 10,
Prime Factors: _______________
An easy way to find prime factors is to divide by the prime numbers
in orders, smallest first.
Worked Examples:

a. Find the prime factors of 18 and express it as a product of

prime numbers.
18
2 9
3 3 18 = 2 x 3 x 3 or 2 x 32
3 1

b. Find the prime factors of 24 and express it as a product of

24
prime numbers.
2 12
2 6 24 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 or 23 x 3
2 3
3 1
c. Find the prime factors of 75 and express it as a product of
prime numbers.
75
3 25
5 5 75 = 3 x 5 x 5 or 3 x 52
5 1

d.) Find the prime factors of 280 and express it as a product of

prime numbers.
ACTIVITY:
Exercise 1.3 1. Find the prime factors of the following
numbers and express them as a products of prime numbers:

a.) 12 b.) 32 c.) 36 d.) 40 e.) 44

f.) 56 g.) 45 h.） 39 i.) 231 j.) 63

 The prime factors of 12 are 2 x 2 x 3.

The prime factors of 18 are 2 x 3 x 3.

So the highest common factor (HCF) can be seen

by inspection to be 2 x 3, i.e. 6.
 Multiples of 5 are 5, 10, 15 and 20, etc.

The lowest common multiple (LCM) of 2 and 3

is 6, since 6 is the smallest number divisible by 2 and 3.

The LCM of 3 and 5 is 15.

The LCM of 6 and 10 is 30.

 Exercise 1.3 1. Find the HCF of the following numbers:
a.) 8, 12 b.) 10, 25 c.) 12, 18, 24
d.) 15, 21, 27 e.) 6, 8, 20 f.) 22, 110

Solutions:
a.) 8 = 1 x 8, 2 x 4, Factors: 1, 2, 4, 8
12 = 1 x 12, 2 x 6, 3 x 4 Factors: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
HCF = 4

b.) 10 = 1 x 10, 2 x 5 Factors: 1, 2, 5, 10

25 = 1 x 25, 5 x 5 Factors: 1, 5, 25
HCF = ____
c.) 12 = 1 x 12, 2 x 6, 3 x 4 Factors: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
18 = 1 x 18, 2 x 9, 3 x 6 Factors: 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18
24 = 1 x 24, 2 x 12, 3 x 8, 4 x 6 Factors: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 24
HCF = ____

d.) 36 = 1 x 36, 2 x 18, 3 x 12, 4 x 9, 6 x 6

Factors: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36
63 = 1 x 63, 3 x 21, 7 x 9
Factors: 1, 3, 7, 9, 21, 63
108 = 1 x 108, 2 x 54, 3 x 36, 4 x 27, 6 x 18, 9 x 12
Factors: 1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 36, 54, 108
HCF = _____
2. Find the LCM of the following:
a.) 6 and 14
6 = 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42
14 = 14, 28, 42, 56, 70
LCM: 42

b.) 4 and 15
4 = 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52, 56, 60
15 = 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90
LCM: 60
c.) 2, 7, and 9
2 = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30,
32,
34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60,
62, 64, 66, 68, 70

7 = 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, 70

10 = 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70

LCM: 70
 A rational number is any number which can be expressed
as a fraction. Example of some rational numbers and how they
can be expressed as a fraction are shown below:
1 3 7 153 2
0.2  0.3  7 1.53  0.2 
5 10 1 100 9

An irrational number cannot be expressed as a fraction.

Examples of irrational numbers include:
2 5 6- 3 
In summary:

Rational numbers include:

* Whole numbers * Fractions,

* Recurring decimals * Terminating decimals

Irrational numbers include:

* the square root of any numbers other than square numbers,

* a decimal which neither repeats nor terminating （e.g. ℼ ）

Exercise 1.6:
1. For each of the numbers shown below state whether it is
rational or irrational: e.) 25
a.) 1.3 = Rational
= Rational f.) 3
8
。
b.) 0. 6 = Rational
g.) 7
= Rational
= Irrational
c.) 3
h.) 0.625
= Irrational
= Rational
d.) - 2 3 。。
5 i.) 0. 1 1
= Rational = Rational
ACTIVITY:
Answer exercise 1.6 number 2
(a - f) pg.8
 The square on the left contains 16 squares. It has
sides of length 4 units.

So the square root of 16 is 4.

This can be written as

Note that 4 x 4 is 16 so 4 is the square

root of 16.

However, -4 x -4 is also 16, so -4 is also the square

root of 16.
 By convention, 16 means “the positive square root of
16”, so 164 but the square root of 16 is i.e +4 or -4.

Note that -16 has no square root since any integer squared
is positive.
Exercise 1.7:
1. Find the following:
a.) 25 e.) 121 i.) 0.09
=5 = 11 = 0.3
b.) 9 f.) 169 j.) 0.25

=3 = 13 = 0.5

c.) g.) 0.01

49
=7 = 0.1
h.) 0.04
d.) 100
= 0.2
= 10
3. Claculate the following:
a.) d.) g.)
j.)
= 1 = 1 = 9 =61
9 100 4
49
1 1 3 5
3 7 10 2
b.) e.) h.)
= 1 = 1 = 49
16 100 81
1 1 7
4 10 9
c.) f.) i.)
= 1 = 4 = 27
9
25 9
5
1 2
3
5 3
3. Claculate the following:
1 1 9
a.) d.) g.)
9 49 100
1 1 3
= = =
3 7 10
1 1 49
b.) 16 e.) h.)
100 81

1 1 7
= = =
4 10 9
1 4 i.) 7
c.) f.) 2
25 9 9
1 2 = 5
= =
5 3 3
 The cube below has sides of 2 units and occupies 8

cubic units of space. (That is, 2 x 2 x 2.)

So the cube root of 8 is 2.

This can be written as 3

82
3
is read as “ the cube root of...”
3
64 is 4, since 4 x 4 x 4 = 64.
3
Note that 64 is not -4 since -4 x - 4 x -4 = - 64
but 3
 64 is - 4.
Exercise 1.9:
1. Find the following cube roots:
3 3 3
a.) 8 e.) 0.27 i.) -8

3
b.) 3
125 f.) 216 j.) 3 27

3 3
c.) 3 g.) 1000 k.) -1000
27

3 3
3 h.) 1，
000，
000 l.) -1
d.) 0.001
 Numbers can be rooted by other values as well.
4
* The fourth root of a number =
5
* The fifth root of a number =

Exercise 1.10:

* Workout the following:

a.) 64

b.) 35 + 24

c.) (34)2
Worked example: The diagram above shows the scale of a
thermometer. The temperature at 04 00 was -3°. By 09 00 the
temperature has risen by 8°C. What was the temperature at 09 00?

( -3)°C + ( 8 )°C = ( 5 )°C

Exercise 1.10

1. The highest temperature ever recorded was in Libya. It was

58°C. The lowest temperature ever recorded was -88°C in
Antarctica. What is the temperature difference?

Solution: (58°C) - (-88°C) = 146°C

2. My bank account shows a credit balance of ＄105. Describe my

balance as a positive or negative number after each these
transactions is made in sequence.

a.) rent ＄140 d.) food bill ＄72

b.) car insurance ＄283 e.) credit transfer ＄250

c.) 1 week's salary ＄230

a.) rent ＄140
Solution: ＄105 - ＄140 = -＄35
b.) car insurance ＄283
Solution: -＄35 - ＄283= -＄318
c.) 1 week's salary ＄230
Solution: -＄318 + ＄230= -＄88
d.) food bill ＄72
Solution: -＄88 - ＄72= -＄160
e.) credit transfer ＄250
Solution: -＄160 + ＄250= ＄90
3. The roof of an apartment block is 130 m above ground
level. The car park beneath the apartment is 35m below
ground level. How high is the roof above the floor of the car
park?
Solution: 130 m + 35 m = 165 m

4. A submarine is at a depth of 165m. If the ocean floor is

860 m from the surface, how far is the submarine from the
ocean?
Solution: 860 m - 165 m = 695 m
 ACTIVITY:

Answer Student Assessment 1

1-8 pg. 11