Gabion Structures

CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 CHARACTERISTICS
 USES OF GABIONS
 GABION STRUCTURES EMPLOYMENT
 ADVANTAGES OF GABIONS
 CONSTRUCTION OF GABION STRUCTURE
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCE
INTRODUCTION
 In Taiwan, various ecological engineering working methods
were introduced into many reconstruction projects in the
disastrous area of the 921 quake occurred in 1999. due to the
features of high flexibility and high roughness gabion
structures were considered as an alternative construction
method to meet the demand of ecological criteria.
 A gabion is a cage, cylinder, or box filled with rocks,
concrete, or sometimes sand and soil for use in civil
engineering, military applications and landscaping.
 For erosion control, caged rip rap is used. For dams or in the
foundation construction, cylindrical metal structures are
used.
 As a result, in the recent year gabion structures were
commonly used for the construction of revetment and
retaining wall.
 Gabions are also used as fish screens on small streams.
Gabion stepped weirs are commonly used for river training
and flood control; the stepped design enhances the rate of
energy dissipation in the channel, and it is particularly well
suited to the construction of gabion stepped wiers.
 Other uses include retaining walls, noise barriers,
temporary/permanent dams, river training, or channel
lining.
CHARACTERISTICS
 Flexible
 Permeable
 Durable
 Environment friendly
 Economic
CONSTRUCTION OF GABION STRUCTURE
MATERIALS :
Galvanised wire
Hexagonal triple twisted mesh in the size
Coarse aggregate
WIRE MESH OF GABION
In general, the wire used is soft and zinc galvanised to

international standard. Zinc galvanised provides long term
protection for steel wire against oxidation. The zinc
galvanised wire is coated with special PVC of 0.4-0.6 mm
thick to give full protection against the corrosion from
heavily polluted environment. The wire is woven into double
twisted hexagonal wire mesh. At the construction site, the
wire mesh of single gabion unit with dimension of W*H*L
are opened and assembled as shown in fig (a) and (b).
Dimensions of galvanised (zinc coated) wire and
gabion unit.
Infilling stone ( coarse aggregate )
 Stone materials of higher unit weight are preferable,

particulalry if the gravity function of the structure is
predominant or if the structure is submerged or exposed to
stream flow for a long period of time.
 To ensure the durability of the gabion structure the stone
must has high resistance to weathering and erosion, and
high compression strength.
 In addition, the apparent total unit weight required for
various analysis can be determined by the unit weight of
stone material and the porosity of the gabion n, which
generally varies from 0.30 to 0.40 depending on the
hardness and the angularity of the stone.
 The most appropriate size for infilling stone ds varies from
1.5 to 2 times the dimension of the wire mesh d.
FACTOR CONSIDERED FOR SELECTION OF
ROCK
Grading of fill Fill angularity
USES OF GABIONS
 Gully control
 Landslip control; land slide control
 River bank protection works
 Unstable condition
 Constructed to any height and shape
Gully control
GABION STRUCTURES ARE EMPLOYED
As a retaining wall :

Gabion structures used as retaining wall
is called as gabion retaining wall. It is made of stacked stone
filled gabions tied with wire. Usually battered or stepped
back with the slope, rather than stacked vertically.
As a spur :
 For controlling stream bank erosion.
 Depth of spur’s foundation should be kept deeper towards
upstream
As a drop structure:
 Gabion structure used as a drop structure are called as
gabion drop structure.
 Reduces gully gradient to serve as silt trip.
 It is used where the drop height is more than 1m.
 5 cm thick concrete should be furnished after settlement.
As a flexible apron :
Gabion aprons are extensively used as flexible apron to act
as a revetment, retaining wall to protect the existing
structure.
Gabion structure as revetment :
Its main function is to provide the blanket type
protection to the affected surface.
CONSTRUCTION STEPS
 Assembled each gabion unit by binding there vertical edges

with the help of about 12-15 cm long wire ties, its good to
make 5 ties per m height.
 As per plane place, few empty unit on position and tie them
with the adjacent boxes, using at least 5 wire per m.
 With the help of standard fence stretcher, stretch the box

before filling the stones to provide effective alignment after
they are tied together.
 Filled the rocks into stretched boxes and also insert
connecting in each cell. When the box is filled by its 1/3
portion, the first 4 wires, two in each direction in each cell
are placed, repeat the procedure until the box is filled by its
2/3rd portion.
 When filling operation of stones to construct the gabion
boxes has been completed, then tie the lid from sides and the
end portion. A half meter long pinch bar can be used.
ADVANTAGES OF GABIONS
Efficient
Permanent
Easy to construct
Economical
High strength
Stable structure
DEMERITS
Rust
Time consuming construction
CONCLUSION
 Gabion retaining wall faced they are truly revolutionary.

Compare to the normal wall this wall are eco-friendly for
our environment.
 The gabion units are strong, flexible and dimensionally
stable and can be assembles quickly and easily. It is most
eco-friendly and economical method in construction of
retaining wall.
REFERENCE
 Text book of SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

ENGINEERING by : R. Suresh
 FLEXIBLE GABION STRUCTURE IN EARTH RETAINING
WORKS by : officine Maccaferri S.p.A., Bologna, Italy.
 Flow and Energy dissipation over stepped gabion wires,
journal of hydraulic engineering, ASCE, Vol. 118.
THANK YOU

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CONTENTS

In general, the wire used is soft and zinc galvanised to

 Stone materials of higher unit weight are preferable,

As a retaining wall :

 Assembled each gabion unit by binding there vertical edges

 With the help of standard fence stretcher, stretch the box

 Gabion retaining wall faced they are truly revolutionary.

 Text book of SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

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