Pesticides

PESTICIDES
 PESTICIDES
CLASSIFICATI
ON AND
TOXICITY:
• WHAT IS A PEST?
IT IS ANY LIVING
ORGANISM WHICH HAS A
HARMFUL EFFECT ON
HUMANS ,THEIR FOOD ,
AND CONDITIONS .
• PESTS CAN BE :
MICROORGANISMS
INSECTS
PLANTS
“  WHAT IS A PESTICIDE ?
IT IS A SUBSTANCE OR A MIXTURE OF
SUBSTANCES USED FOR CONTROLLING,
PREVENTING ,REDUCING, AND DESTROYING
THE NUMBER OF PESTS.
#CLASSIFICATION OF PESTICIDES :
PESTICIDES ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING ”
TO THE PEST THEY CONTROL :
1- INSECTICIDES
2-HERBICIDES
3-FUNGICIDES
4-RODENTICIDES
 TOXICITY LD50:IT IS THE MEASURE
OF THE ABILITY OF A SUBSTANCE TO
HARM LIVING THINGS .THEREFORE,
TOXICITY IS THE DEGREE TO WHICH A
CHEMICAL IS POISONOUS.
#WHAT IS LD50?
IT IS THE DOSE OF THE TOXIC SUBSTANCE
USED TO
KILL 50% OF THE TESTED ANIMAL .
IT IS MEASURED IN TERMS OF :
A- ORAL TOXICITY
B- DERMAL TOXICITY
C- RESPIRATORY TOXICITY
AS THE NUMBER OF LD50 USED
DECREASE , TOXICITY INCREASE .
 SIGNS OF TOXICITY USED:
LABELS MUST CONTAIN ONE OF THE
FOLLOWING WORDS: DANGEROUS , DANGER POISON,
CAUTION. AND MUST ALSO CONTAIN THE STATEMENT :
<KEEP OUT OF THE REACH OF CHILDREN >
INSECTICIDES :
RESISTANCE
OF INSECTS
ENVIRONME
NTAL
IMPACT
 IMPACT ON HUMANS :
• IN OUR LIVES TODAY THERE IS HUGE USE OF

INSECTICIDES, AND THIS WIDESPREAD USE HAS MANY
EFFECTS ON THE HUMAN’S HEALTH SUCH AS CANCER ,
CONGENITAL DEFECTS , RESPIRATORY DISEASES .. THE
ONES WHO ARE MOSTLY EXPOSED OF GETTING AFFECTED
BY IT ARE THE FARMERS AND WORKERS IN INSECTICIDES
FACTORIES . ALSO WE SHOULD KNOW THAT NOT ONLY
THE ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS IN INSECTICIDES CAUSE
HEALTH PROBLEMS, BUT ALSO THE INTERGRADIENT THAT
ARE MORE DANGEROUS ON HEALTH SUCH AS BENZENE ,
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE , CHLOROFORM …AND THEY
CAN REACH HUMANS THROUGH THE FOOD CHAIN.
 IMPACT ON SOIL AND WATER:
SOIL IS FULL OF LIVING THINGS
SUCH AS BACTERIA ,FUNGI ,
MICROSCOPIC INSECTS, AND Water,
WORMS , THEY ARE IMPORTANT FOR nutrie
THEY CHANGE THE DEAD PLANTS
AND ANIMALS INTO FOOD nt
REUSABLE BY PLANTS., AND THEY sunlig
ARE KILLED WHEN INSECTICIDES ht
ARE SPRAYED ON CROPS AFTER Plankt
REACHING THE SOIL.
Birds on
Small
fish fish
IMPACT ON WILDLIFE:
•INSECTICIDES APPLIED IN FARMS MAY CAUSE PROBLEMS TO

WILDLIFE <PLANTS, ANIMALS>.
•WILDLIFE ANIMALS SUCH AS BIRDS ARE NOT ABLE TO FIND A
SAFE PLACE FREE FROM POISON.
•IT CAN ALSO KILL AND AFFECT THE PRODUCTION OF WILD
LIFE ANIMALS. BABY BIRDS WILL HAVE WEAK EGG SHELLS OR
EVEN WITHOUT.
•SCIENTISTS OBSERVED A DECREASE IN THE NUMBER AND
MANY BIRDS THAT FEED ON ORGANISMS INFESTED BY
PESTICIDES
• DISADVANTAGES:
• 1-THREATEN NON-TARGET
• ADVANTAGES :
ORGANISMS<HUMANS , SOME
• 1- INCREASE INSECTS , ANIMALS, OTHER
ORGANISMS>.
PRODUCTION OF
• 2-CAUSE SOIL AND WATER
CROPS. POLLUTION.
• 2- SAVE LIVES. • 3-INSECTS MAY DEVELOP
RESISTANCE TO PESTICIDES ,
• CONTROL PESTS AS A RESULT THEY TURN TO BE
FASTER. WITH A GREATER THREATS .
CHEMICAL
COMMUNICAT
ION AMONG
INSECTS
FUTURE
STRATEGIES :
World population Difficulty in
Crops destroyed
increasing very producing enough
by pests
fast crops
• THE UNITED NATIONS ESTIMATES THAT EACH YEAR INSECTS

AND WEEDS DESTROY ENOUGH CROPS TO FEED
1,000,000,000 PEOPLE ,AND MORE THAN 25% BECAUSE OF
THAT .
Diseases and Weeds and
crops ravages total
• wheat • 13.3%-9.3% • 13.1%-35.7%
• rice • 15.9%-21.5% • 17.2%-54.6%
 SOLUTIONS:
• WE NEED SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE , THAT IS AGRICULTURE THAT MEETS THE

EED OF THE PRESENT WITHOUT RISKING THE NEEDS OF THE FUTURE .
• 1- PROPALTICIDS
• 2-BIOPESTICIDES : A-CONTROL BY OTHER LIVING ORGANISMS
• B- CONTROL BY PHEROMONES AND ALLELOCHEMICALS
• 3- BIOTECHNOLOGY: A- BREEDING RESISTANCE PLANT
• B- GENETIC CONTROL OF INSECT PESTS
• 4-INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
• 5- ORGANICALLY GROWN FOODS
1- PROPALTICIDS : 2- BIOPESTICIDES:
• A- CONTROLLED BY OTHER LIVING ORGANISMS:
• INSECTS , BACTERIA , VIRUSES , FUNGI .
Non- • NATURAL ENEMIES LIKE PREDATORS TO GER RID
toxic Toxic OF SPECIFIC TARGETS THAT DON’T HARM
chemica chemical
ls OTHERS
s inside
outside the body • SUCH AS BIRDS AND FROGS AND INSECTS THAT
the ARE MOSTLY USED AS THEY KILL MORE THAN
body
30% OF TARGETS .
THE USE OF MICROORGANISMS : INSECTS CAN BE
AFFECTED BY DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUSES ,
FUNGI, BACTERIA . THEY ARE USED A PESTICIDES
IN MANY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. AND IT IS
EXCELLENT FOR THE ENVIRONMENT
B-CONTROL BY PHEROMONES AND
ALLELOCHEMICALS :
THE ARE NATURAL OR SYNTHETIC PHEROMONES AND ALLELOCHEMICALS TO ATTRACT OR REPEL
INSECTS , THE ARE HIGHLY SPECIFIC AND NON-TOXIC , EASIER AND CHEAPER THAN EXTRACTING THEM
FROM LIVING ORGANISMS .
 THE USE OF PHEROMONES :
A- LURE AND KILL : USED TO ATTRACT INSECTS TO A CERTAIN AREA WHERE THEY ARE TREATED WITH
INSECTICIDES .
B- MONITOR : TRAPS CONTAINING INSECT PHEROMONES TO ATTRACT INSECTS AND COUNT THEIR
NUMBERS TO DEDUCE WHETHER OR NOT AND WHEN TO USE INSECTICIDES ACCORDING TO THEIR
POSSIBLE ECONOMIC DAMAGE .
C- DISRUPT MATING : THE MATING OF INSECTS IS INTERRUPTED BY RELEASING SYNTHETIC SEX
PHEROMONES IN AIR OR ON CROPS , THEN MALE INSECTS WILL NOT BE ABLE TO FIND AND FERTILISE
FEMALE INSECTS .
D-INSECT ALARMS :THEY KEEP INSECTS AWAY FROM CROPS .
BIOTECHNOLOGY
METHOD:
•IT IS CHANGING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANISMS, THE MAIN
TECHNIQUES USED IN BIOTECHNOLOGY INCLUDE BREEDING OF
RESISTANT PLANTS AND THE GENETIC CONTROL OF INSECTS PEST .
•A- BREEDING RESISTANT PLANTS : GENETIC ENGINEERING ALLOWS
SCIENTISTS TO INTRODUCE GENES INTO CROPS PLANTS FROM OTHER
PLANTS ,BACTERIA, AND VIRUSES TO MAKE THEM MORE RESISTANT TO
INSECTS AND OTHER PESTS .
•B-GENETIC CONTROL OF INSECT PESTS: IN THESE METHODS THE
RELEASE OF LARGE NUMBERS OF INSECTS TAT HAVE BEEN STERILIZED
SO THA WHEN THEY MATE, NO OFFSPRINGS ARE PRODUCED .
• INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT : PESTICIDES ARE VERY
SIGNIFICANT TO INCREASE THE AMOUNT OF FOOD ,HOWEVER, USING
CHEMICALS HAS SERIOUS CONSEQUENCES ON THE ENVIRONMENT
<POLLUTION>, SO WE SHOULD USE METHODS THAT ARE EFFECTIVE ,
EFFICIENT , AND ENVIRONMENTALLY PROPER SUCH AS I.P.M.
 I.P.M. COMBINATION :
TRADITIONAL
PREVENTATIVES LIKE
CROPROTATION
I.P.M
.
BIOPESTICID
ES LIKE PESTICI
PREDATORS DES
Click icon to
 IPM GOAL IS TO REDUCE THE add picture
NUMBER OF PESTS WITH A
MINIMUM AMOUNT OF HARM
TO THE INVIRONMNET .
IPM REDUCE THE USE OF

PESTICIDES BY ALMOST
50%.
 ORGANICALLY GROWN FOOD :
• ORGANIC FARMS DEPEND ON OLD-FASHIONED METHODS OF FERTILIZERS TO

THEIR CROPS AND FOR KEEPING INSECTS UNDER CONTROL . FARMERS USE
CROP ROTATION , ANIMAL MANUE , AND COMPOST TO NRICH THE SOIL .
• MODERN ORGANIC FARMING IS A COMBINATION OF SUCCESSFUL TRDITIONAL
PRACTICES AND SCIENTIFIC ADVANCES .
• ORGANICALLY GROWN FOOD MAY BE MORE EXPENSIVE BECAUSE THERE IS A
NEED OF A LOT OF MANUAL LABOR AND THE YEILDS ARE USUALLY LOW ,
THUS , ORGANIC FARMING IS MOSTLY USED IN RIVATE GARDENS AT THE
PRESENT TIME .
 CRIDETS :
1- MARIAM SAFADIEH
2- RANA BIZRE
3- KATIA ABO ZAINAB
4- MIRA GHEZAWI
5- ELHAM ZAATARY
6- AESHA HAMADE

Pesticides

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Pesticides

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PESTICIDES

• IN OUR LIVES TODAY THERE IS HUGE USE OF

•INSECTICIDES APPLIED IN FARMS MAY CAUSE PROBLEMS TO

• THE UNITED NATIONS ESTIMATES THAT EACH YEAR INSECTS

• WE NEED SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE , THAT IS AGRICULTURE THAT MEETS THE

IPM REDUCE THE USE OF

• ORGANIC FARMS DEPEND ON OLD-FASHIONED METHODS OF FERTILIZERS TO

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