CHAPTER 2 - Lesson 2 Aspects of Culture

ASPECTS
OF
CULTURE
ENCULTURATION
 IT REFERS TO THE GRADUAL ACQUISITION OF THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF NORMS OF A CULTURE OR GROUP
BY A PERSON, ANOTHER CULTURE, ETC.
 IT IS NOT AS PERVASIVE AS SOCIALIZATION, WHICH IS A
LIFELONG OR “WOMB TO TOMB” JOURNEY.
 IT STARTS WITH ACTUAL EXPOSURE TO ANOTHER
CULTURE AND THE DURATION AND EXTENT TO
EXPOSURE ACCOUNT FOR THE QUALITY OF THE RESULT.
CULTURE SHOCK
 THE FEELING OF DISORIENTATION
EXPERIENCED BY SOMEONE WHO IS
SUDDENLY SUBJECTED TO AN
UNFAMILIAR CULTURE, WAY OF LIFE,
OR SET OF ATTITUDES.
EXAMPLES OF CULTURE
SHOCK

FOOD
LANGUAGE
NUDITY IN PUBLIC
 CLOTHING
HYGIENE
DON’T USE TOILET PAPER
EXPLICIT CULTURE
 IT REFERS TO SIMILARITIES IN WORDS AND
ACTIONS WHICH CAN BE DIRECTED OBSERVED.
EXAMPLE:
 THE ADOLESCENT CULTURAL BEHAVIOR CAN BE
GENERALIZED BY LOOKING AT THE WAY TEEN
DRESS, THEIR MANNERISMS, AND CONVERSATIONS.
IMPLICIT CULTURE
 IS A RECENT APPROACH IN WHICH PEOPLE ARE
ENCOURAGED TO BEHAVE ACCORDING TO THE
“USUAL” BEHAVIOR OF THE COMMUNITY.
 THE UNWRITTEN NORMS OF BEHAVIOUR THAT
GUIDE PEOPLE REGARDING WHICH
BEHAVIOURS ARE CONSIDERED APPROPRIATE
OR INAPPROPRIATE.
CHARACTERIZATION OF
CULTURE REVOLVES
ESSENCE OF CULTURE
AS A SYSTEM:
SUPER-ORGANIC
 INTEGRATED
 PERVASIVE
SUPER-ORGANIC
 CULTURE IS SEEN AS SOMETHING

SUPERIOR TO NATURE BECAUSE NATURE
SERVES AS THE INGREDIENT OF ANY
CULTURAL PRODUCTIONS.
 IT IS USEFUL WHEN IT IMPLIES WHAT
MAY BE QUITE A DIFFERENT
PHENOMENON FROM A CULTURAL POINT.
EXAMPLE OF SUPER-
ORGANIC
A TREE MEANS DIFFERENT THINGS TO THE

BOTANIST WHO STUDIES IT, THE OLD WOMAN
WHO USES IT FOR SHADE IN THE LATE
SUMMER AFTERNOON, THE FARMER PICKS ITS
FRUIT, THE MOTORIST WHO COLLIDES WITH
IT, AND THE YOUNG LOVERS WHO CARVE
THEIR INITIALS IN IT.
INTEGRATED
 CULTURE POSSESSES AN ORDER AND
SYSTEM.
 ITS VARIOUS PARTS ARE INTEGRATED
WITH EACH OTHER AND ANY NEW
ELEMENT WHICH IS INTRODUCED IS
ALSO INTEGRATED.
PERVASIVE
 IT MEANS OFFERING UP YOUR OWN UNIQUE
SKILLS AND EXPERIENCE TO CONTRIBUTE AS A
VITAL MEMBER OF THE TEAM. PERVASIVE IS MADE
UP OF A VARIETY OF PEOPLE AND DEPARTMENTS.
BUT IT’S THE SYNERGY OF ALL OF THE ABOVE
THAT MAKES US THE SUCCESSFUL COMPANY WE
ARE TODAY – ALONG WITH COMMON GOALS THAT
KEEP US WORKING TO CONTINUE TO BUILD ON
THAT SUCCESS TOMORROW.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
CULTURE
1. CULTURE IS SOCIAL BECAUSE IT IS THE
PRODUCT OF BEHAVIOR.
2. CULTURE VARIES FROM SOCIETY TO SOCIETY.
3. CULTURE IS SHARED.
4. CULTURE IS LEARNED.
5. CULTURE IS TRANSMITTED AMONG MEMBERS
OF SOCIETY.
6. CULTURE IS CONTINUOS AND CUMULATIVE.
7. CULTURE IS GRATIFYING AND IDEALISTIC.
CULTURE IS SOCIAL BECAUSE IT
IS THE PRODUCT OF BEHAVIOR.
 IT DEVELOPS THROUGH SOCIAL INTERACTION.

 CULTURE LEARNING'S ARE THE PRODUCTS OF
BEHAVIOR.
 IT ACQUIRE THE ABILITY TO SWIM, TO FEEL
HATRED TOWARD SOMEONE, OR TO SYMPATHIZED
WITH SOMEONE.
 THE EXPERIENCES OF OTHER PEOPLE ARE
IMPRESSED ON A PERSON AS HE OR SHE GROWS
UP.
CULTURE VARIES
FROM SOCIETY TO
SOCIETY.
THE CULTURE OF EVERY SOCIETY IS UNIQUE TO

ITSELF.
 CULTURAL ELEMENTS LIKE CUSTOMS,
TRADITIONS, MORALS, VALUES, AND BELIEFS ARE
NOT UNIFORM.
 CULTURE IS A CREATION OF SOCIETY IN A
INTERACTION AND DEPENDS FOR ITS EXISTENCE
UPON THE CONTINUANCE OF SOCIETY.
CULTURE IS
SHARED.
 CULTURE, IN A SOCIOLOGICAL SENSE, IS SHARED.
FOR EXAMPLE, CUSTOMS, TRADITIONS, BELIEFS,
IDEAS, VALUES, MORALS, ETC. ARE ALL SHARED BY
PEOPLE OF A GROUP OR SOCIETY.
 SOMETIMES PEOPLE SHARE DIFFERENT ASPECTS
OF A CULTURE.
EXAMPLE, AMONG CHRISTIANS, THERE ARE
CATHOLICS AND PROTESTANTS, LIBERALS AND
CONSERVATIVES, AND CLERGYMEN AND LAYMEN.
CULTURE IS LEARNED.
 CULTURE IS NOT INBORN. IT IS LEARNED.
 CULTURE IS OFTEN CALLED “LEARNED WAYS
OF BEHAVIOR”. UNLEARNED BEHAVIOR IS NOT
CULTURE. BUT SHAKING HANDS , ETC. ARE
CULTURAL BEHAVIOR.
 CONCIOUS AND UNCONCIOUS LEARNING ARE
USED TO DISTINGUISH THE LEARNING.
 CULTURE INDICATES THAT THE LEARNED
BEHAVIOR OF PEOPLE IS PATTERNED.
CULTURE IS
TRANSMITTED
AMONG MEMBERS OF
SOCIETY.
THE CULTURAL WAYS ARE LEARNED BY PERSONS

FROM PERSONS.
 SOME OF THE TRANSMISSION OF CULTURE IS AMONG
CONTEMPORARIES, FOR EXAMPLE, THE STYLE OF
DRESSING, POLITICAL VIEWS, AND THE USE OF
RECENT LABOR – SAVING DEVICES.
 CULTURE IS TRANSMITTED FROM ONE GENERATION TO
ANOTHER.
 TRANSMISSION OF CULTURE IS MADE POSSIBLE BY
LANGUAGE.
CULTURE IS CONTINUOUS
AND CUMULATIVE.
 CULTURE EXIST AS A CONTINOUS PROCESS.
 CULTURE VARIES FROM SOCIETY TO SOCIETY.

 THERE IS ONE FUNDAMENTAL AND INESCAPABLE
ATTRIBUTE OF CULTURE: THE FACT OF UNENDING
CHANGE.
 NO CULTURE EVER REMAINS CONSTANT OR
CHANGELESS.
CULTURE IS
GRATIFYING AND
IDEALISTIC.
 CULTURE PROVIDES PROPER OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE
SATISFACTION OF OUR NEEDS AND DESIRES.
 CULTURE IS DEFINED AS THE PROCESS THROUGH
WHICH HUMAN BEINGS SATISFY THEIR WANTS.
 CULTURE CONSISTS OF THE INTELLECTUAL, ARTISTIC,
AND SOCIAL IDEALS AND INSTITUTIONS WHICH THE
MEMBERS OF SOCIETY PROFESS AND TO WHICH THEY
STRIVE TO CONFORM.
FUNCTIONS OF
CULTURE
 CULTURE DEFINES SITUATIONS.
 CULTURE DEFINES ATTITUDES, VALUES
AND GOALS.
 CULTURE DEFINES MYTHS AND LEGENDS,
AND THE SUPER NATURAL.
 CULTURE PROVIDES BEHAVIOR PATTERNS.
CULTURE DEFINES
SITUATIONS.
 EACH CULTURE AS MANY SUBTLE CUES WHICH

DEFINE EACH SITUATION. IT REVEALS WHETHER
ONE SHOULD PREPARE TO FIGHT , RUN,
LAUGH, OR MAKE LOVE.
 A PERSON WHO MOVES FROM ONE SOCIETY
TO ANOTHER WILL SPEND MANY YEARS
MISREADING THE CUES (FOR EXAMPLE,
LAUGHING AT THE WRONG PLACES.)
CULTURE DEFINES
ATTITUDES, VALUES AND
GOALS.
 EACH PERSON LEARNS FROM HIS/HER CULTURE WHAT IS
GOOD , TRUE, AND BEAUTIFUL.
 ATTITUDES, VALUES, AND GOALS ARE DEFINE BY THE
CULTURE, AND THE INDIVIDUAL NORMALLY LEARNS THEM
AS HE OR SHE LEARNS THE LANGUAGE.
 ATTITUDES ARE TENDENCIES TO FEEL AND ACT IN
CERTAIN WAYS.
 VALUES ARE MEASURES OF GOODNESS OR DESIRABILITY.
FOR EXAMPLE, WE VALUE PRIVATE,
(REPRESENTATIVE) GOVERNMENT, AND
MANY OTHER THINGS AND EXPERIENCE.
 GOALS ARE THOSE ATTAINMENTS WHICH
OUR VALUES DEFINE AS WORTHY,
EXAMPLE: WINNING THE RACE, GAINING
THE AFFECTIONS OF A PARTICULAR GIRL,
OR BECOMING PRESIDENT OF THE FIRM.
CULTURE DEFINES MYTHS
AND LEGENDS, AND THE
SUPER NATURAL.
 MYTHS AND LEGENDS ARE IMPORTANT PARTS OF
EVERY CULTURE.
 THEY MAY INSPIRE OR REINFORCE EFFORT AND
SACRIFICE AND BRING COMFORT IN BEREAVEMENT .
 MYTHS AND LEGENDS ARE POWERFUL FORCES IN A
GROUP’S BEHAVIOR.
 CULTURE ALSO PROVIDES THE INDIVIDUAL WITH A
READY-MADE VIEW OF THE UNIVERSE.
CULTURE PROVIDES
BEHAVIOR PATTERNS.
 THE INDIVIDUAL NEED NOT TO GO THROUGH
PAINFUL TRIAL AND ERROR TO KNOW WHAT FOOD
CAN BE EATEN OR HOW TO LIVE AMONG PEOPLE
WITHOUT FEAR.
 IF PEOPLE USE CULTURE TO ADVANCE THEIR
PURPOSSES, IT SEEMS CLEAR ALSO THAT A
CULTURE IMPOSES LIMITS ON HUMANS AND THEIR
ACTIVITIES.
ETHNOCENTRISM
 THE WORLD ETHNO COMES FROM THE GREEKS AND IT
REFERS TO A PEOPLE, NATION, OR CULTURAL GROUPING.
 IT REFERS TO THE TENDENCY OF EACH SOCIETY TO PLACE
ITS OWN CULTURE PATTERNS AT THE CENTER OF THINGS.
 IT IS THE PRACTICE OF COMPARING OTHER CULTURAL
PRACTICES WITH THOSE OF ONES OWN AND
AUTOMATICALLY FINDING THOSE OTHER CULTURAL
PRACTICES TO BE INFERIOR.
 IT IS THE BELIEF THAT YOUR NATIVE CULTURE IS THE MOST
NATURAL OR SUPERIOR WAY OF UNDERSTANDING THE
WORLD.
IT SUGGESTS THAT THE VERY PROCESS OF
WHAT MAKES CULTURE ENDURING AND
DURABLE ALSO EXPLAINS AN EQUALLY
RECALCITRANT ATTITUDE IN THE (NON)
APPRECIATION OF THE CULTURES OF OTHER
PEOPLE.
 IT IS A UNIVERSAL HUMAN REACTION FOUND
IN ALL KNOWN SOCIETIES, IN ALL GROUPS,
AND IN PRACTICALLY ALL INDIVIDUAL.
 IT IS A FACT OF LIFE.
FUNCTIONS OF
ETHNOCENTRISM
 ETHNOCENTRISM ENCOURAGES THE

SOLIDARITY OF A GROUP.
 ETHNOCENTRISM HINDERS THE
UNDERSTANDING OR THE COOPERATION
BETWEEN GROUPS.
 ETHNOCENTRISM BECOMES A VEHICLE FOR
THE PROMOTION OF SOCIAL CHANGE.
ETHNOCENTRISM
ENCOURAGES THE
SOLIDARITY OF A GROUP.
 BELIEVING THAT ONES OWN WAYS ARE
THE BEST ENCOURAGES A “WE”
FEELING WITH ASSOCIATES AND
STRENGTHENS THE IDEA THAT LOYALTY
TO COMRADES AND THE PRESERVATION
OF THE BASIS FOR SUPERIORITY ARE
IMPORTANT VALUES.
ETHNOCENTRISM HINDERS THE
UNDERSTANDING OR THE
COOPERATION BETWEEN GROUPS.
 IF THE WAYS OF ONES OWN GROUP ARE BEST,

THERE IS LITTLE INCENTIVE TO INTERACT WITH
“INFERIOR” GROUPS.
 IN FACT, ATTITUDES OF SUSPICION, DISDAIN, AND
HOSPITILITY ARE LIKELY TO ENGENDERED.
ETHNOCENTRISM BECOMES A
VEHICLE FOR THE PROMOTION
OF SOCIAL CHANGE.
1. WHEN YOU JUDGE THE BEHAVIOUR AND
BELIEFS OF PEOPLE WHO ARE DIFFERENT
FROM YOU.
WAY OUT:
TO STOP ETHNOCENTRISM BEHAVIOUR ,
YOU MUST STOP JUDGING OTHERS WHO
ARE DIFFERENT FROM YOU.
2. WHEN YOU BELIEVE THAT THERE
ARE PRIMITIVE CULTURES, ESPECIALLY
IF THEIR WAY OF LIFE IS DIFFERENT
FROM YOURS.
WAY OUT:
ETHNOCENTRISM IS TAUGHT. YOU
HAVE TO UNLEARN THAT YOUR
CULTURE IS SUPERIOR AND ALL OTHER
CULTURES ARE INFERIOR.
3. WHEN YOU BELIEVE THAT SOME CULTURES
ARE BACKWARD IF THEY LACK THE
TECHNOLOGY AND CONSUMERISM OF YOUR
OWN CULTURE.
WAY OUT:
REMEMBER THAT THERE ARE NO PRIMITIVE
OR BACKWARD CULTURES. ALL CULTURES
PROVIDE THEIR MEMBERS WITH THE MEANS
FOR MEETING ALL HUMAN NEEDS.
CULTURAL
RELATIVISM
 IT IS THE IDEA THAT ALL FORMS, BELIEFS, AND
VALUES ARE DEPENDENT ON THEIR CULTURAL
CONTEXT AND SHOULD BE TREATED AS SUCH.
 IT PROMOTES GREATER APPRECIATION OF THE
CULTURES ONE ENCOUNTERED ALONG THE
WAY.
 IT IS A GOOD WAY TO REHEARSE THE NORMS
AND VALUES OF SOCIETY-A REQUIREMENT THAT
ONE MUST SUBSCRIBE TO REGARDLESS OF HIS
 IT IS ALSO RESEARCH
METHOD.
 IT IS THE FUNCTION AND
MEANING OF A TRAIT ARE
RELATIVE TO ITS CULTURAL
SETTING.
XENOCENTRISM
 IT REFERS TO A PREFERENCE FOR THE
FOREIGN.
 IT IS CHARACTERIZED BY A STRONG
BELIEF THAT ONES OWN PRODUCTS,
STYLES, OR IDEAS ARE INFERIOR TO
THOSE WHICH ORIGINATE ELSEWHERE.
XENOPHOBIA
 IT IS THE FEAR OF WHAT IS PERCEIVED AS FOREIGN
STRANGE.
 IT CAN BE SEEN IN THE RELATIONS AND
PERCEPTIONS OF AN IN-GROUP TOWARD AN OUT-
GROUP.
 IT MAY INCLUDE FEAR OF LOSING IDENTITY ,
SUSPICION OF THE OTHER GROUP TO SECURE A
PRESUMED PURITY.
CULTURE AS
HERITAGE
 CULTURES HAVE TANGIBLE (VISIBLE) AND INTANGIBLE (NON
MATERIAL) COMPONENTS.
 THE TANGIBLE ONES ARE THOSE THAT ARE PRODUCED AND
CREATED BASED ON SPECIFIC AND PRACTICAL PURPOSES
AND AESTHETIC VALUES.
 CULTURAL ARTIFACTS BOTH TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE MAY
BECOME “HERITAGE OBJECTS” BY THEIR SHEER AGE AND
ASSOCIATION WITH MOMENTOUS HISTORICAL EVENTS AND
NOTEWORTHY PERSONALITIES.
THANK YOU
AND GOD
BLESS!!!

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CHAPTER 2 - Lesson 2 Aspects of Culture

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ASPECTS

 CULTURE IS SEEN AS SOMETHING

A TREE MEANS DIFFERENT THINGS TO THE

 IT DEVELOPS THROUGH SOCIAL INTERACTION.

 CULTURE EXIST AS A CONTINOUS PROCESS.

 CULTURE VARIES FROM SOCIETY TO SOCIETY.

 EACH CULTURE AS MANY SUBTLE CUES WHICH

 ETHNOCENTRISM ENCOURAGES THE

 IF THE WAYS OF ONES OWN GROUP ARE BEST,

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