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    Introduction To Embedded Systems

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    rajesh
    Embedded systems combine hardware, software, and mechanical components to perform dedicated functions. They are found in devices like washing machines, vehicles, and smartphones. This document discusses the definition of embedded systems, their history, applications, and challenges. It also covers embedded system classifications, components, and firmware design approaches.

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    Introduction To Embedded Systems

    Uploaded by

    rajesh
    457 views14 pages
    Embedded systems combine hardware, software, and mechanical components to perform dedicated functions. They are found in devices like washing machines, vehicles, and smartphones. This document discusses the definition of embedded systems, their history, applications, and challenges. It also covers embedded system classifications, components, and firmware design approaches.

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    ESD UNIT-1

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    Embedded systems combine hardware, software, and mechanical components to perform dedicated functions. They are found in devices like washing machines, vehicles, and smartphones. This document discusses the definition of embedded systems, their history, applications, and challenges. It also covers embedded system classifications, components, and firmware design approaches.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    457 views14 pages

    Introduction To Embedded Systems

    Uploaded by

    rajesh
    Embedded systems combine hardware, software, and mechanical components to perform dedicated functions. They are found in devices like washing machines, vehicles, and smartphones. This document discusses the definition of embedded systems, their history, applications, and challenges. It also covers embedded system classifications, components, and firmware design approaches.

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    You are on page 1of 14

    INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED

    SYSTEMS
    Definition of Embedded System,
    Embedded system Vs General computing
    System,
    History of Embedded System,
    Classification,
    Major Application Areas and Purpose of
    embedded systems,
    Characteristics and Challenges of Embedded
    Systems
    Definition of Embedded System
    • An embedded system is a combination of
    3things:
    • a. Hardware
    • b. Software
    • c. Mechanical Components
    And it is supposed to do one specific task only.
    Example : Washing Machine
    Embedded system Vs General computing System
    General Computer Purpose Embedded System
    It is combination of generic It is combination of special
    hardware and a general purpose purpose hardware and embedded
    OS for executing a variety of OS for executing
    applications specific set of applications
    It contains general purpose operating It may or may not contain operating
    system system.
    Applications are alterable by the Applications are non-alterable by the
    user. user
    Performance” factor is key Application specific requirements are
    key factors
    Power Consumption is More Power Consumption is Less
    Response Time IS Not Critical Response Time Critical for some
    applications
    History of Embedded System
    • The first recognized embedded system is the Apollo Guidance
    Computer(AGC) developed by MIT lab.
    •  AGC was designed on 4K words of ROM & 256 words of
    RAM.
    •  The clock frequency of first microchip used in AGC was
    1.024 MHz.
    •  It used 5000 ICs.
    • The first mass-produced embedded system was guidance
    computer for the Minuteman-I missile in1961.
    •  In the year 1971 Intel introduced the world's
    first microprocessor chip called the 4004, was designed
    for use in business calculators. It was produced by the
    Japanese Company Busicom.
    Classification
    • The classification of embedded system is
    based on following criteria's:
    • On generation
    • On complexity & performance
    • On deterministic behaviour
    • On triggering
    On generation
    First generation(1G):
    • Built around 8bit microprocessor & microcontroller.
    • Simple in hardware circuit & firmware developed.
    • Examples: Digital telephone keypads
    •  
    Second generation(2G):
    • Built around 16 bit μp & 8 bit μc.
    • They are more complex & powerful than 1G μp & μc.
    • Third generation(3G):
    • Built around 32 bit μp & 16-bitμc.
    • Concepts like Digital Signal Processors(DSPs),
    Third generation(3G):
    • Built around 32 bit μp & 16-bitμc.
    • Concepts like Digital Signal Processors(DSPs),
    • Application Specific Integrated Circuits(ASICs)evolved.
    • Examples: Robotics, Media,etc.
    Fourth generation:
    • Built around 64-bit μp & 32-bitμc.
    • The concept of System on Chips (SoC), Multi core Processors
    evolved.
    • Highly complex & very powerful.
    • Examples: Smart Phones.
    On complexity & performance
    Small-scale:
    • Simple in application need Performance not time- critical.
    • Built around low performance & low cost 8 or 16bit μp/μc.
    • Example: an electronic toy
    Medium-scale:
    • Slightly complex in hardware & firmware requirement.
    • Built around medium performance & low cost 16 or 32 bitμp/μc.
    • Usually contain operating system.
    • Examples: Industrial machines.
    Large-scale:
    • Highly complex hardware & firmware.
    • Built around 32 or 64 bit RISC μp/μc or PLDs or Multicore Processors.
    • Response is time-critical.
    • Examples: Mission critical applications
    • On deterministic behavior
    Based on execution behavior Real Time embedded
    systems are divided into Hard and Soft.
    . On triggering
    based on-triggering.
    Reactive systems can be:
    Event triggered Time triggered
    Purpose of embedded systems
    • 1.Data Collection/Storage/Representation
    • 2.Data communication
    • 3.Data signal processing
    • 4.Monitoring
    • 5.Control
    APPLICATION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
    • The application areas and the products in the embedded domain
    are countless.
    1.Consumer Electronics: Camcorders, Cameras.
    2.Household appliances: Washing machine, Refrigerator.
    3.Automotive industry: Anti-lock breaking system(ABS), engine
    control.
    4.Home automation & security systems: Air conditioners,
    sprinklers, fire alarms.
    5.Telecom: Cellular phones, telephone switches.
    6.Computer peripherals: Printers, scanners.
    7.Computer networking systems: Network router sand switches.
    8.Healthcare: EEG, ECG machines.
    9.Banking & Retail: Automatic teller machines, point of sales.
    10.Card Readers: Barcode, smart card readers.
    Challenges of Embedded Systems
    • Size
    • Price
    • performance
    UNIT-II
    • Core of the Embedded System: General
    purpose and Domain Specific Processors,
    ASICs, PLDs,
    • Processor selection for design,
    • Memory Selection for Embedded Systems,
    Sensors and Actuators,
    • Communication Interface: Onboard and
    External Communication Interfaces
    UNIT-III
    • Reset Circuit,
    • Brown-out Protection Circuit,
    • Oscillator Unit,
    • Real Time Clock,
    • Watch Dog Timer,
    • Embedded Design Firmware Design
    Approaches and development languages

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