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    Mathematics For Economics Ii 27/4/2020: Integration

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    Alyaa Putri Kusuma
    - Integration is the process that reverses differentiation - When a function is differentiated, its derivative is obtained; integrating the derivative gives back the original function - The power rule states that the integral of xn is xn+1/(n+1) + c, where n is not equal to -1; if n = -1, the integral of 1/x is ln(x) + c - Several examples are given to demonstrate applying the power rule to evaluate integrals that involve reversing differentiation

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    Mathematics For Economics Ii 27/4/2020: Integration

    Uploaded by

    Alyaa Putri Kusuma
    36 views10 pages
    - Integration is the process that reverses differentiation - When a function is differentiated, its derivative is obtained; integrating the derivative gives back the original function - The power rule states that the integral of xn is xn+1/(n+1) + c, where n is not equal to -1; if n = -1, the integral of 1/x is ln(x) + c - Several examples are given to demonstrate applying the power rule to evaluate integrals that involve reversing differentiation

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    mathematic for economics

    Original Title

    INTEGRATION

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    - Integration is the process that reverses differentiation - When a function is differentiated, its derivative is obtained; integrating the derivative gives back the original function - The power rule states that the integral of xn is xn+1/(n+1) + c, where n is not equal to -1; if n = -1, the integral of 1/x is ln(x) + c - Several examples are given to demonstrate applying the power rule to evaluate integrals that involve reversing differentiation

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    36 views10 pages

    Mathematics For Economics Ii 27/4/2020: Integration

    Uploaded by

    Alyaa Putri Kusuma
    - Integration is the process that reverses differentiation - When a function is differentiated, its derivative is obtained; integrating the derivative gives back the original function - The power rule states that the integral of xn is xn+1/(n+1) + c, where n is not equal to -1; if n = -1, the integral of 1/x is ln(x) + c - Several examples are given to demonstrate applying the power rule to evaluate integrals that involve reversing differentiation

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    MATHEMATICS FOR

    ECONOMICS II
    27/4/2020
    INTEGRATION
    Integration

    • Integration is the process which reverses differentiation


    • Let F(x) + c be the function to be differentiated.
    • Let the derivative of F(x) + c be denoted by f(x)

    differentiate

    d ( F( x )  c)
    dx
    F( x )  c f ( x)

     f ( x ) dx
    integrate

    Figure 8.2
    • The derivative of F(x) + c is f(x)
    • When f(x) is integrated the result is F(x) + c back again
    2
    x
    • Example, differentiate 2
    + c

    2
    d x
    ( + c) = x
    dx 2

    differentiate

    2
    x
    + c
    2
    • Differentiate
    2
    d x
    ( + c) = x
    dx 2

    differentiate

    2
    x
    + c x
    2
    • then integrate the x
    d 2
    x
    ( + c)
    dx 2

    differentiate

    2
    x
    + c x
    2

    2
    x
    integrate : ò x dx = + c
    2
    • the integration has reversed the differentiation

    differentiate

    d 2
    x
    ( + c)
    dx 2
    2
    x
    + c x
    2

    ò x dx

    integrate
    Integration : the operation which reverses differentiation: an
    example

    • Integration is the process which reverses differentiation


    • Let x2
    + Cbe the function to be differentiated.
    2
    x2
    • The derivative of is
    + cx
    2
    differentiate
    d x2
    ( + c)
    x2 dx 2
    +c x
    2
    ò x dx
    integrate
    Figure 8.3
    • Then if the derivative, x, is integrated; differentiation is reversed;
    x2
    • the result is + c
    2 back again
    x2
    • Hence, the integral of x:
     x dx  2  c
    • The following table gives examples to illustrate integration as the process which
    reverses differentiation

    d[F( x) +c]
    y = F( x) +c = f ( x) òf (x) dx = F(x) + c
    dx

    x2 dy 2x x2
    Example (a) = =x
    y = +c
    2
    dx 2 ò( x)dx = 2 + c
    dy 2 x3
    Example (b) x3 =x ò x dx = + c
    2
    y = +c dx
    3 3

    Example (c) dy 3 x4
    x4 =x ò x dx = + c
    3
    y = +c dx 4
    4

    Example (d) x n+1 dy n x n+1


    y= +c =x ò x dx =
    n
    +c
    n +1 dx n +1

    • Example(d) is the general power rule for integration


    The xn or power rule, for integration

    • The Power rule for integration is given as:

    x n 1
     x dx  n  1  c
    n
    provided that n not equal to - 1.

    1 1
    If n = -1, the rule is:  x dx   x dx  ln( x )  c

    • This rule is derived as follows:


    differentiate

    d
    (ln( x ) + c )
    dx
    ln( x ) + c 1
    1 x
    ò x dx
    Figure 8.4
    integrate
    • Worked Example 8.1: Integration with the Power rule

    Function Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Simplify the


    Simplify, if State n and Apply power rule: answer
    n+ 1 x n +1
    necessary òx n
    dx =
    n +1
    +c if possible

    (a) x 4
    x 4
    n = 4: n+1=5 x5 same
    òx 4 dx = 5
    +c

    x 4
    x 4
    n = 2: n+1=3 x 3 same
    (b)
    x 2
    x 2 = x 4-2 = x 2
    òx 2 dx = 3
    +c

    1 1 = x n = - 4: x -3 x -3 = - x -3
    (c)
    òx
    -4
    x4 x4
    -4
    dx = +c
    -3 -3 3
    n+1=-3
    = - 13 + c
    3x
    (d) x x =x 0 .5 n = 0.5: dx = x
    1.5
    same
    òx 0 .5
    1 .5
    +c
    n + 1 = 1.5
    (e) 1 = 1 n = - 1.5 x - 0.5 + c - 0 .5
    3 3 0 .5
    (x ) ò x - 0 .5
    d x =
    - 0. 5 -x = - 2x - 0 .5
    x 0 .5
    1 n + 1 = - 0.5
    x3 = 11.5 = - 20. 5 + c
    x x
    = x -1.5

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