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    CHAPTER 01 Introduction To Statistics

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    Jhagantini Palanivelu

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    CHAPTER 01 Introduction To Statistics

    Uploaded by

    Jhagantini Palanivelu
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    331 views21 pages

    CHAPTER 01 Introduction To Statistics

    Uploaded by

    Jhagantini Palanivelu

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    All Rights Reserved

    Business Statistics
    © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2011 Ch. 1: 1
    CHAPTER 1

    INTRODUCTION TO
    STATISTICS

    All Rights Reserved


    Statistic
    © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2011 Ch. 1: 2
    LEARNING OBJECTIVES

    The study of this chapter should enable you to:


     Define the meaning of Statistics and other popular
    terms widely used in statistics
     Describe the types of statistics—descriptive and
    inferential
     Describe the sources of data, the types of data and
    variables
     Understand the different levels of measurement
     Describe the various methods of collecting data

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    Business Statistics
    © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2011 Ch. 1: 3
    1.1 WHAT IS STATISTICS?

     Statistics is the science of:


    – Collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing,
    and interpreting numerical data for the
    purpose of assisting in making effective
    decisions.
     Each figure is called statistic.
     A collection of more than one figure is referred to
    as statistics.

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    Business Statistics
    © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2011 Ch. 1: 4
    1.2 TYPES OF STATISTICS

    Two Types:
    1. Descriptive Statistics
    – Procedures used to organize and summarize
    data

    2. Inferential Statistics
    – Procedures of taking a sample from a
    population and making estimates about the
    population
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    Business Statistics
    © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2011 Ch. 1: 5
    1.3 SOURCES OF DATA

     Primary data
    – Specific information collected by the person
    who is doing the research

     Secondary data
    – Any material that has been collected from
    published records

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    Business Statistics
    © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2011 Ch. 1: 6
    Advantages of Primary Data

    The researches will be able to:


    1. Decide the type of method they will use in collecting
    the data and how long it will take them to gather that
    particular data.
    2. Focus the data collection on specific issues of their
    research and enable them to collect more accurate
    information.
    3. Know in detail how the data were gathered and
    hence, will be able to present original and unbiased
    data.
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    Business Statistics
    © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2011 Ch. 1: 7
    Disadvantages of Primary Data

    1. Consumes a lot of time, effort and cost; the


    researchers will not only need to make certain
    preparations, in addition, they will need to
    manage both their time and cost effectively.
    2. Researchers have to collect large volumes of
    data since they will interact with different people
    and environments; also they will need to spend
    a lot of time checking, analyzing and evaluating
    their findings before using such data.

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    Business Statistics
    © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2011 Ch. 1: 8
    Advantages of Secondary Data

    1. More convenient as it requires less time, effort


    and cost.
    2. Helps to decide what further researches need
    to be done.

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    Business Statistics
    © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2011 Ch. 1: 9
    Disadvantages of Secondary Data

    1. May have transcription errors (reproduction


    errors).
    2. May not meet the user’s specific needs.
    3. Not all secondary data is readily available or
    inexpensive.
    4. Accuracy of the secondary data can be
    questionable.

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    Business Statistics
    © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2011 Ch. 1: 10
    1.4 TYPES OF DATA AND
    VARIABLES

    Examples:
    • Colour
    • Flavour
    • Gender
    (Defined categories)
    Examples: Examples:
    • Number of cars • Profits
    • Defects per hour • Weight
    • Accidents • Speed
    (Counted items) (Measured characteristics)
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    Business Statistics
    © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2011 Ch. 1: 11
    1.4 TYPES OF DATA AND
    VARIABLES (cont.)

     Data
    – Describes the actual values or observations of
    the variable

     Variable
    – Describes the name of the characteristic of
    interest

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    © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2011 Ch. 1: 12
    1.5 LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

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    © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2011 Ch. 1: 13
    1.6 METHODS OF COLLECTING
    DATA

     Data collection
    – Important aspect of any type of research
    study
    – Inaccurate data collection can impact the
    results of a study and ultimately lead to invalid
    results

     Appropriate method is very important

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    © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2011 Ch. 1: 14
    1.6.1 Methods of Primary Data
    Collection

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    © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2011 Ch. 1: 15
    1.6.2 Tools for Data Collection

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    © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2011 Ch. 1: 16
    1. Types of Tools

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    © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2011 Ch. 1: 17
    2. Constructing Schedule and
    Questionnaire

     Schedule is used for interviewing


     Questionnaire is used for mailing
     Schedule and questionnaire are constructed almost
    in the same way
     Schedule or questionnaire is also called instrument
    – Useful to gather different types of information:
    • Factual information
    • Psychological information
    • Behavioural information

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    © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2011 Ch. 1: 18
    Main Steps to Construct Schedule
    and Questionnaire
    i) Identifying the research data
    ii) Prepare ‘dummy’ tables
    iii) Determine the level of respondents
    iv) Decide methods of data collection
    v) Design instrument/tool
    vi) Assessment of the design instrument
    vii) Pre-testing
    viii) Specification of procedures
    ix) Planning format
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    Business Statistics
    © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2011 Ch. 1: 19
    Four Crucial Decision Areas

     Question relevance and content


     Question wording
     Response form
     Question order or sequence

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    © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2011 Ch. 1: 20
    3. Pilot Studies and Pre-Tests

     Pilot Study
    – Full-fledged miniature study of a problem
     Pre-test
    – Trial test of a specific aspect of the study

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    © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2011 Ch. 1: 21

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