CE154 - Lecture 6 Closed Conduit Hydraulics

Closed Conduit Hydraulics
CE154 - Hydraulic Design

Lecture 6
Fall 2009 CE154 1

Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Flow
• Synonyms
- closed conduit flow
- pipe flow
- pressurized flow
• Objectives – to introduce
- basic concepts of closed conduit flow,
- its hydraulics, and
- design method
Fall 2009 CE154 2

Concepts
• Closed Conduit vs. Open Channel
Closed Conduit Open Channel
No free surface Free water surface
Gravity or pump driven Gravity driven
Cavitation & other Waves & other
sub-atmospheric- surface disturbances
pressure problems
Reynolds Number Re Froude Number Fr
Fall 2009 CE154 3

Concepts – Reynolds Number
• Reynolds Number (ratio of inertia force
to viscous force) VD VD
V = velocity (ft/sec) Re  
D = pipe diameter (ft)
 
 = density of fluid (lbm/ft3)
 = dynamic viscosity of fluid
(lbm/ftsec or lbfsec/ft2)
 = kinematic viscosity (ft2/sec)
Fall 2009 CE154 4

Concepts – Froude Number
• Froud Number (ratio of inertia force to gravitational force)
• V = velocity V
g = gravitational acceleration
h = depth of water
Fr 
gh
Fall 2009 CE154 5

Concepts - Turbulence
• Turbulent vs. laminar flow
Fall 2009 CE154 6

Concepts – turbulent flow
• Turbulent flow
- Critical Re (laminar to turbulent) in the
order of 1000
Fall 2009 CE154 7

Concepts – laminar flow
• Turbulent and Laminar flows
Fall 2009 CE154 8

Concepts – uniform & steady flow
• Uniform flow – constant characteristics
with respect to space
• Steady flow – constant characteristics
with respect to time. Often adopted
when establishing pipe system design
parameters (pressure & flow at certain
locations). Consider unsteady (transient)
phenomena to refine design (pipe
pressure class and thickness)
Fall 2009 CE154 9

Conservation of Mass
1
Control Volume
Fall 2009 CE154 10

• Consider the control volume
dS
 I O
dt
Fall 2009 CE154 11

• For steady & incompressible flow,
dS/dt = 0
I=O
V1A1 = V2A2
 ViAi =  VoAo
Fall 2009 CE154 12
• Apply to a pipe junction, Q1+Q2 = Q3+Q4
Fall 2009 CE154 13

Conservation of Momentum
• Newton’s 2nd law – the resultant of all external
forces on a system is equal to the time rate of
change of momentum of this system
d  mV 
 F ext  dt
Fall 2009 CE154 14

• Consider this control volume (CV) of fluid in
a pipe elbow
x1=v1t
1 1’
2
2’ x2=v2t
Fall 2009 CE154 15

• In a time t the fluid originally at
Section 1 moves to 1’, and that at
Section 2 moves to 2’
• The control volume lost momentum equal
to that of the fluid contained between 1
and 1’
(A1x1)V1 = A1V12t = (QV1)t
At the same time it gained momentum
(QV2)t
Fall 2009 CE154 16
• The time rate of change of momentum is (QV2)- (QV1)
• Hence, the 2nd Law becomes
F ext
 Q V out V in 
• This is the momentum equation for steady flow. Use
this convention:
 QVx1  Fx = QVx2
 QVy1  Fy = QVy2
• Where  depends on the direction of the force w.r.t.
the coordinate system
Fall 2009 CE154 17

Application of Momentum Eq.
• Forces on a pipe elbow:
Taking momentum balance in the x
direction,
QV1 + (PA)1 – Fx = Q(0)
Fx = (PA)1 + QV1
Fall 2009 CE154 18

Application of Momentum Eq.
• Taking momentum balance in the y
direction,
External y force = (PA)2 - Fy
Rate of change of momentum = QV2
(where V2 is in the negative direction)
(PA)2 - Fy = QV2
Fy = (PA)2 - QV2
= (PA)2 + QV2
Fall 2009 CE154 19

Conservation of Energy
• In pipeline design, most often
consider steady state – flow not
varying with time - first
• Steady state (SS) Bernoulli Equation
along a streamline:
p V1
2
1
 z1 
p V 2
2
2
 z 2  h
 2g  2g
Fall 2009 CE154 20
Conservation of Energy
• Pressure head p/
• Elevation head z
• Velocity head V2/2g
• Piezometric head p/ + z
(hydraulic grade line)
• Total head p/ + z + V2/2g
(energy grade line)
• Head Loss h
Fall 2009 CE154 21

Uniform Flow:
Fall 2009 CE154 22

Fall 2009 CE154 23
Example 3-1
• A plane jet of unit discharge q0 strikes
a boundary at an angle of 45, what will
be the ratio of q1/q2 for the divided
flow?
Fall 2009 CE154 24

Head Losses
• Include mostly 2 types of losses:
1. Friction Loss
- resulting from friction between the
fluid and pipe wall
2. Minor Loss
- resulting from pipe entrance,
transition, exit, valve and other in-line
structures
Fall 2009 CE154 25
Friction Loss
• Most useful head loss equation for
closed-conduit flow – Darcy-Weisbach
equation Pipe
Friction head length
2 Pipe
LV
loss
velocity
h f
 f
D 2g
Dimensionless Gravitational
Friction Pipe acceleration
coefficient diameter
Fall 2009 CE154 26

Friction Loss
• Darcy-Weisbach equation
- derived from basic relationships of
physics
-  dimensionless, app. to all unit systems
-  determined from experimental data
• Other friction loss relationships – Hazen-
Wiliams, Manning, Chezy, etc. – are also
used in the industry, but are less accurate
and will not be discussed here
Fall 2009 CE154 27

Darcy-Weisbach 
• Laminar flow (Re<2000)
64
f 
Re
Turbulent flow in smooth pipes
(Re>4000)
1
f

 2 log Re f  0.8 
Fall 2009 CE154 28
Darcy-Weisbach  (cont’d)
• Turbulent flow in rough pipes
1 e
 1.14  2 log 
f  D
Transition between turbulent smooth
and rough pipes
1 e 2.51 
 2 log  D  
f  3.7 Re f 
 
Fall 2009 CE154 29
Friction Loss
Fall 2009 CE154 30

Fall 2009 CE154 31
Darcy-Weisbach 
• Most recent development of Darcy Weisbach coefficient - Explicit
equation [Swamee and Jain, 1976] applicable to entire turbulent flow
regime (smooth, transition and rough pipes):
0.25
f  2
  e 5 .74 
log  
  3.7 D Re 
0 .9
Fall 2009 CE154 32

Minor Loss
• Use minor loss coefficient (k) in this
form
2
V
h  k 2g
l
Fall 2009 CE154 33

Minor Loss
Fall 2009 CE154 34

Minor Loss
• For abrupt expansion, from D1 to D2, the
loss coefficient may be estimated by
2
2   
2

V1 k  1   D  
hl 2 g
 k 1
  D2  
 
Fall 2009 CE154 35

Minor Loss
• American Water Works Association –
Steel Pipe, A guide for design and
installation, Manual of Water Supply
Practices, M11, 4th Edition, 2004
Fall 2009 CE154 36

Minor Loss
Fall 2009 CE154 37

Minor Loss
• Valve manufacturer has loss curves
typically presented in terms of Cv vs.
valve opening degrees.
Cv is defined as the flow rate in gallons
per minute of 60 water that flows
through the valve under 1 psi of head
loss.
Fall 2009 CE154 38

Fall 2009 CE154 39
Globe Valve
Fall 2009 CE154 40

Angle Valve
Fall 2009 CE154 41

Example – using HGL & EGL
Fall 2009 CE154 42

Example 3-2
• p. 2.24 of Mays’ Hydraulic Design
Handbook – Calculate f and e/D from
given discharge
V2/2g=
1.21 m
Atmospheric
P=3MPa Pressure
L=2500 m El. 200 m
D=27 in
El. 100 m
Q=1.8 cms
Fall 2009 CE154 43

Example 3-3
• Same problem but now we have an 20”
in-line ball valve with a 20” bore opened
at 70 from closed position, a
contraction and expansion section each
connected to the valve, and 2 90
elbows with r/D=2. What is the f now?
Fall 2009 CE154 44

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Closed Conduit Hydraulics

CE154 - Hydraulic Design

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