BE301

Telecommunication Modelling and Simulation

Lecture 7: Telecommunication Management, IMS

and Convergence Management

Dr. Tayab Din Memon

March 2020 Compiled by: Dr Tayab Din Memon 1

 Lecture 6 Recap

• Teletraffic Theory
• Truncation
• Grade of Service
• Erlang B & Erlang C formula
• Related exercise numerical

March 2020 Compiled by: Dr Tayab Din Memon 2

 CONVERGENCE

“ONE PHONE, ONE NUMBER, ONE BILL”

• Way of connecting wireless to wire line infrastructure.
• The ultimate goal of convergence is to
– deliver seamless experience across multiple locations, multiple
devices and multiple types of use.
• What could be a convergence in Telecom?
– Voice and IP combined (i.e., integration)
– For example – Skype, WhatsApp calls, Viber call etc. where you can
talk using Internet.
• What could be the seamless experience? And its challenge?

March 2020 Compiled by: Dr Tayab Din Memon 3

 Why convergence in wireless
communication?
• Wireless network + fixed network + internet service creation
and paradigm
– All IP network

• Overlay of various networks

– allows many IP based applications to be functional on the move

• As networks converged
– need for seamless connectivity, to access different services
regardless of location, terminal and network

March 2020 Compiled by: Dr Tayab Din Memon 4

 Fixed-Mobile Convergence
• What is the possible convergence in wireless communication?
• Fixed-mobile convergence allows network and service operators to
make more efficient use of existing access technologies (GSM, DSL,
Wi-Fi), as well as taking an advantage of
– new access technologies such as 2.5/3G/4G/5G, WLAN,
Bluetooth, Wi-Max, UMA, etc., by launching new voice and
multimedia services and realizing cost reductions by
implementing common service machinery for different access
networks.
– Hence, seamless roaming between cellular, Wi-Fi, WiMAX
and what ever wireless technology comes next.
 Features of FMC

• So what is the end result of FMC?

– decrease operational costs by using common resources - transport,
OA&M
– Unified Service of fixed and mobile n/w’s with one phone, one number
and one bill
– FMC implementation leads to a new market with unique list of services
and high revenue potential
– More reliable mobile service with wider coverage at lower cost. Closer
integration between public and enterprise phone networks.
• Hence, more mobility with required list of services that is the
greatest benefit for the end-user

March 2020 Compiled by: Dr Tayab Din Memon 6

 Fixed and Mobile Convergence
(FMC) Motivations
• What is issue with conventional fixed networks?
– They continue to serve the home or the office
• What type of convergence (i.e., mobility) is offered by FMC?
– Terminal convergence
– Personal convergence
– Service convergence

Source: [3]
 Terminal Mobility (TM)

• Terminal Mobility refers to the seamless mobility of mobile devices

• This mobility allows the customer the use of his (personal) terminal, e.g. his
telephone at any place, at home, in the office or en-route even abroad
• Requires wireless connection between mobile device and base stations (in case of
infrastructure-based networks) or between several mobile devices (in case of ad-hoc
communications)
• Registration, call, and connection between mobile device and network are kept
while in motion
• Key functions: wireless communications, handover, location management, roaming

Source: [3]
 Personal Mobility

• Means that users can access their services according to their subscription from
different devices and device types
• User is available via her/his one telephone number, his personal number or email
address everywhere
• He can define several reachability profiles (private, office) and he can change his
profiles, especially the terminal where he wants his calls to arrive, on line from any
terminal
• Key functions: authentication mechanism

Source: [3]
 Service Mobility

• Enables usage of tailored and personalized services even if the

user is roaming to foreign networks

Source: [3]
 Level of Convergence

Ref: [7]
 Personal Mobility Example

• On his desktop (Ethernet), James sees that Jane is

available with the help of the IMS presence server
• James decided to talk to Jane by giving her a call
• Jane accepted the call and they started talking
• After a while, James feels thirsty and wanted to get a
drink from the Pantry.
• So, James switches the call from his desktop onto his
PDA (Wi-Fi), and continue talking to Jane on his way
to the Pantry.

March 2020 Compiled by: Dr Tayab Din Memon 12

 Terminal Mobility Example

• On his at home, James starts an audio

conference with his business counterpart
• Before meeting finishes, James rushes into a
taxi as to meet up a customer at the office
shop in town
• While on mobile, James continues with his
meeting using his laptop

March 2020 Compiled by: Dr Tayab Din Memon 13

 Mobile@Home Solution

BSS
BTS
A/Gb
Transmission
Network
BSC

Core
Network
MSC/HLR/
…

IP Network

DSL

GSM Macro cell

Internet

@home pico cell

Ref: [7]
 Mobile@Home Solution

BSS
BTS
A/Gb
Transmission
Network
BSC

Core
Network
MSC/HLR/
…

IP Network

DSL

GSM Macro cell Internet

Ref: [7] @home pico cell

Scenario 1: MS walking into his/ her residence should automatically be diverted to the landline network of his/ her residence.
 Mobile@Home Solution

BS
BTS S
Transmission
A/Gb
Network
BSC

Core
Network
Mobile@Home MSC/HLR/
…
HBS A/Gb
IP Network
HBSC

HBS DSL

GSM Macro Internet

cell
@home pico
Ref: [7] cell
 Mobile@Home Solution

BSS
BTS
A/Gb
Transmission
Network
BSC

Core
Network
Mobile@Home MSC/HLR/
HBS
…
IP Network A/Gb
HBSC

HBS DSL

GSM Macro cell Internet

Ref: [7] @home pico cell

 FMC case scenario for Voice
and Data
• Scenario I: Voice calls on Mobile SIM subscriber walking into his/ her residence
should automatically be diverted to the landline network of his/ her residence.
• Scenario II: Data Calls on Mobile SIM subscriber walking into his/ her residence
should seamlessly and automatically be handed over to wireless broadband
network of his/ her residence; thereby decreasing the load on the 3G or Edge
network of the operator.
• Scenario III: Multi-location: In case a MS subscriber is registered at his residence
and also at some other premises where he frequents, then the Voice and data calls
for his mobile would be seamlessly handed over to the landline and Wi-Fi network
used in the premises.
• Scenario IV: Unified Communication and Roaming services: In a true FMC
environment, user should be able to avail his/ her telephone calls, Voice Mail, Fax
Mail, and other services of the office/roaming environment on his GSM handset or
his desk phone or on VoIP phone thereby ensuring a single device operation for all
his/ her varied communication needs.
Ref: [7]
March 2020 Compiled by: Dr Tayab Din Memon 18
 Mobility Classification

• Micro Mobility
– Mobility support within a radio cell or between different cells, but within a
single access network
– Mobility management at data link layer
• Macro Mobility
– Mobility support between different access networks connected to a common
core network or within a certain geographic region
– Mobility management at network layer
• Global Mobility
– Mobility support between different core network and/or network operators
– Mobility management at network layer and/or at application layer
• What is impact of Global Mobility? Distance  Far
• What is impact of micro mobility? Location update frequency -> High

March 2020 Compiled by: Dr Tayab Din Memon 19

 Fixed-mobile convergence
over IP infrastructure

March 2020 Compiled by: Dr Tayab Din Memon 20

 F.M.C - Network Architecture
TCP/IP

Mobile Services Intelligent HTTP

Voice, Data, SMS Call TCP/IP
Management
PSTN System
CDR of
MSC BSC Data
usage
IN (User Profile &
Presence Recorder) Branch
CAMEL
INAP Mall
CORE NETWORK
3G Off loader Hospital
Wi-Fi Handset Presence Recorder
Resort
RTP
VOICE Home
SIP PBX
DATA
MMS
SMS
SIP
Phone
 FMC Enabling Technologies

• The foundation for FMC is in the network. This has included

the development of IP backbones, optimal routing and quality
of service.
– For FMC to work at the network level, network equipment vendors
have been working on technologies based on standards and protocols.
– These allow network traffic to be transported seamlessly between
different types of networks.

• Three of the key enabling technologies for FMC services are

SIP, IMS and UMA/GAN.
 Session Initiation Protocol

• SIP or Session Initiation Protocol is an application-level control

protocol developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF) for setting up, changing and terminating multimedia
sessions between participants on IP data networks.
• SIP is a text-based protocol, similar to HTTP and SMTP, for
initiating interactive communication sessions between users.
Such sessions include voice, video, chat, interactive games,
and virtual reality
• IP Multimedia Sub-System IMS is an architecture
standard based on SIP, which allows for multiple real-time
applications such as voice, video, games etc. to run across a
single network.
 Unlicensed Mobile Access
(UMA)
• UMA is an access technology that allows subscribers
to switch between fixed and mobile networks.

• It provides access to GSM and GPRS mobile services

over unlicensed spectrum technologies, including
Bluetooth and WiFi.
• By deploying UMA technology, service providers can
enable subscribers to roam and handover between
cellular networks and public and private unlicensed
wireless networks using dual-mode mobile handsets.
 Background - AMPS

• Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)

– First generation (1G) cellular network
– Analog mobile phone system
– Standardized by ANSI
– Operate in the 800 MHz band
– Voice call
 Background - GSM

• Global System for Mobile communications (GSM)

– Second generation (2G) cellular network
– Digital mobile phone system
– Most GSM networks operate in 900 MHz or 1800 MHz
bands
– Each radio channel bandwidth is 200 kHz
– Standardized by ETSI
– Voice call, short message service
 Background - GPRS

• General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

– 2.5G packet oriented mobile network
– Provide data rates from 56 up to 114 kbps
– Standardized by ETSI/3GPP
– Short Message Service (SMS), Wireless Application
Protocol (WAP), Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS),
Internet Access
 Background - EDGE

• Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)

– 2.75G packet oriented mobile network
– Data rate up to 236.8 kbps
– Standardized by 3GPP
– Multimedia services, Internet access
 Background - WCDMA

• Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

(WCDMA)
– Third generation (3G) cellular network
– 1885–2025 MHz for uplink band and 2110–2200 MHz
for downlink band
– Each radio channel bandwidth is 5 MHz
– Data rate up to 384 kbps
– Standardized by 3GPP
– The world's first commercial WCDMA network, FOMA,
was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 2001.
 Background - HSDPA

• High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

– 3.5G packet oriented mobile network
– Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
• Depend on signal quality and cell usage
• QPSK in initial scheme, 16QAM in good radio condition.
– Data rate up to 14.4 Mbps for downlink and 384 kbps
for uplink
– Standardized by 3GPP (since release 5)
 Background - LTE

• Long Term Evolution (LTE)

– Fourth generation (4G) cellular network?
– Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) for downlink and
Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) for uplink
– Support Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output
(MIMO)
• Improve communication performance
• Increase data throughput
• Without additional bandwidth or transmit power
– Channel bandwidth between 1.5 and 20 MHz
– All IP Network (AIPN)
– Data rate up to 326.4 Mbps for downlink and
86.4 Mbps for uplink
– Standardized by 3GPP (since release 8)
 IMS Definition

• 3GPP Release 5 introduced the IMS as part of 3GPP

specifications in March 2002
• The IMS is supposed to be a standardized access-independent
IP-based architecture that interworks with existing voice and
data networks for both fixed (e.g., PSTN, Internet) and mobile
(e.g., GSM, WCDMA) users
• It has been released in two phases (release 5 and release 6)
for Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS)
networks.
• An IP multimedia framework was later introduced by 3GPP2
as the Multimedia Domain (MMD) for third generation Code
Division Multiple Access 2000 (CDMA 2000) networks
 IMS concept (Cntd.)

• It's a VoIP implementation based on a 3GPP variant of SIP, and runs

over the standard Internet protocol. It's used by Telcos in NGN
networks (which combine voice and data in a single packet switched
network), to offer network controlled multimedia services.

• This address the following network and user requirements:

– Deliver person-to-person real-time IP-based multimedia communications
(e.g. voice or video telephony) as well as person-to-machine
communications (e.g. gaming service).
– Fully integrate real-time with non-real-time multimedia communications
(e.g. live streaming and chat).
– Enable different services and applications to interact (e.g. combined use
of presence and instant messaging).
– Easy user setup of multiple services in a single session or multiple
simultaneous synchronized sessions.
– In addition, users have to be able to execute all their services when
roaming as well as from their home networks. To achieve these goals the
IMS uses open standard IP protocols, defined by the IETF.

33
IMS in Converged
Networks
 IP Protocol Layer

• IP is related to the layer 3 of OSI model in VoIP.

IP can simply pass a packet of data from one
router to another though the network to its
destination by taking IP address in the IP packet
header.
• No protection is provided for loss of packets
• Delay occurs doe to different routes through the
network and results packets out of sequence
when they arrive at the destination.
• In data network, the TCP (Transmission Control
Protocol)is issued to ensure an error-free, in-
sequence delivery of packets to the destination
TCP is a layer higher than IP.
• When a session is set up between two
applications, the application data is first passed
to TCP where a TCP header is found. Then the
data is passed to IP where an IP header is
found. The data then is forwarded to the
destination through the network.
Ref: [5]

March 2020 Compiled by: Dr Tayab Din Memon 35

 TCP Layer

1. TCP Header
a. Source and destination port numbers: Identify the application data at each end.
b. Sequence numbers and acknowledges numbers: Enable the detection of lost packets.
c. Checksum: Enables the detection of corrupted packets.
2. TCP uses this information to request retransmission of lost or corrupted packets
and to deliver packets to the destination in the correct order.
3. TCP has to first establish a connection between two peer TCPs at each end.
4. This involves a sequence of messages between the TCPs prior to the transfer of
user data.
5. For voice transmission, the UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is used instead of TCP.
It is a simple protocol. It does not support recovery from loss of error and does
not ensure an in-sequence delivery of packets.

Ref: [5]

March 2020 Compiled by: Dr Tayab Din Memon 36

 Application Layer

1. To improve voice quality, the coding scheme can be used.

The application of both source and destination need to
know the coding scheme.
2. The Application needs timing information so that packets
can reach the user in a synchronized manner and help
resolve against delay in the network.
3. Application needs to know when packets are lost, so that a
previous packet could be replayed to fill the gap when it is
appropriate.

Ref: [5]

March 2020 Compiled by: Dr Tayab Din Memon 37

 RTP, RTCP Layer in VoIP
Protocol Layers

• To fulfill the requirements in Application layer RTP (Real-Time

Transport Protocol) is created in the VoIP protocol layer and treated
as ‘Session Layer’
• Whenever a packet of coded voice is sent, it is sent as the payload of
an RTP packet

1. RTP Header
1. Voice coding scheme being sent.
2. A sequence number of packets.
3. A timestamp for the instant at which the voice packet was sampled.
4. An identification for the source of the voice packet.
Ref: [5]
March 2020 Compiled by: Dr Tayab Din Memon 38
 RTCP Protocol

1. RTCP (RTP Control Protocol) is a companion protocol of

RTP. It has functions as follows:
a. It does not carry coded voice packets.
b. It is a signaling protocol, including a number of messages to be exchanged
between session users, regarding the quality of the session.
c. The information of lost RTP packets, delay, and interarrival jitter.
d. RTCP session is open when an RTP session is opened.
e. When a UDP port number is assigned to an RTP session for transferring the
voice packets, a separate port number is also assigned for RTCP session.
f. RTP and RTCP simply provide information to the Applications at either end and
let those Applications deal with loss, delay, or jitter with different protocols.

Ref: [5]

March 2020 Compiled by: Dr Tayab Din Memon 39

 H.323 Protocol

• In VoIP system, signaling protocols are invoked before or during a call for
setting up a call, monitoring call progress, and terminating a call. The set of
protocols is known as H.323, which title is Packet-based multimedia
communications systems.
• H.323 protocol stack includes RTP, RTCP, H.225.0, and H.245. The last two
protocols define the actual messages that are exchanged between H.323
end points. The end point can be a terminal, a gateway, a gatekeeper, or a
MCU.

Ref: [5]

March 2020 Compiled by: Dr Tayab Din Memon 40

 H.225.0 Protocol

• 1. H.225.0 is a two-part protocol:

a. The first part of H.225.0 is a call signaling (Q.931): establishment
and tear down of connections between H.323 end points.
b. The second part of H.225.0 is a RAS signaling: RAS for
Registration, Admission, and Status, which provides information
for maintenance.
• 2. H.245 is a control protocol used between two or more
end points. The main purpose is to manage the media
streams between H.323 session participants.

Ref: [5]

March 2020 Compiled by: Dr Tayab Din Memon 41

 H.323 Call Establishment

• Let the two terminals establish a

VoIP call between them and two
different gatekeepers control the
two terminals.
• There are six stages:
– request, setup, connecting,
link connection, terminating,
and disconnecting.
– Notice the functions of those
three signaling protocols,
H.225.0 RAS signaling,
H.225.0 call signaling, and
H.245 control signaling.
Ref: [5]
March 2020 Compiled by: Dr Tayab Din Memon 42
 Session Initiation Protocol

• SIP is a power alternative to H.323. It has a more

– flexible solution, simpler than H.323, easier to implement, and
better suited to the support of intelligent user devices and the
implementation of advanced features.
• SIP Network Architecture
– SIP is used to establish sessions between users.
– In SIP Network, there are two basic classes of network entities,
clients, and servers. Thus SIP is a client-server protocol.
– SIP enables the use of proxies, which act as both clients and
servers.

Ref: [5]

March 2020 Compiled by: Dr Tayab Din Memon 43

 Client and Servers in SIP

a. A client is an application program that sends SIP requests. It may

be found within a user’s device, a SIP phone.
b. Four different types of servers are served: proxy servers, redirect
servers, user agent servers, and registers.
c. In SIP, the information in SIP message that is the type and coding
of information to be shared by two users at two ends requires
session descriptions. These session descriptions are coded
according to the SDP (Session Description Protocol).

Ref: [5]

March 2020 Compiled by: Dr Tayab Din Memon 44

 Call Establishment in SIP

– In SIP call, no gate- keepers are needed and it is very simple. The
Session Description Protocol (SDP) carries all information used by SIP.
– The call begins with an INVITE, which indicates the address of the
sender containing in URI (Uniform Resource Indicator).

Ref: [5]

March 2020 Compiled by: Dr Tayab Din Memon 45

SIP based session management

46
 History of IMS

• IMS first appeared in release 5 of the evolution from 2G

to 3G networks for W-CDMA networks (UMTS), when
SIP-based multimedia domain was added to NGN
networks. Support for older GSM and GPRS networks is
also provided.
• In 3GPP release 6, interworking with WLAN was added.
• 3GPP release 7 adds support for fixed networks,
together with TISPAN* R1.
• "Early IMS" is defined for IPv4 networks, and provides a
migration path to IPv6

TISPAN - Telecoms & Internet converged Services & Protocols for Advanced
Networks (ETSI)

47
 History of IMS

• 3GPP release 8 added support for LTE, multimedia session continuity,

enhanced emergency sessions and IMS centralized services.
• 3GPP release 9 added support for IMS emergency calls over GPRS and EPS,
enhancements to multimedia telephony, IMS media plane security,
enhancements to services centralization and continuity.
• 3GPP release 10 added support for inter device transfer, enhancements to
the single radio voice call continuity (SRVCC), enhancements to IMS
emergency sessions.
• 3GPP release 11 added USSD simulation service, network-provided
location information for IMS, SMS submit and delivery without MSISDN in
IMS, and overload control.

March 2020 Compiled by: Dr Tayab Din Memon 48

IMS Convergence of Voice and
Data
 3GPP / TISPAN IMS
architectural overview 

Telecoms & Internet converged Services & Protocols for Advanced Networks (TISPAN)
IMS solution overview

Source: Alcatel 51
 5G Fixed Mobile Convergence

Ref: [6]
 Fixed and mobile
intersections

Ref: [6]
 References

1. Some slides are modified from “Fixed and mobile convergence and transition to IMS
platform”, Norwegian University of Science and Technology
2. Alon Lelcik, Jeremy Soref. “IMS: It’s Only Part of the Convergence Puzzle”, Business
Models and Drivers for Next-Generation LMS Services”, International Engineering
Consortium
3. Some slides are modified from the “Mobile Services (ST 2010) Cha-1: Introduction”
4. Some slides are modified from the Delivering Fixed Mobile Convergence (FMC) with
IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) by Dr. Mazlan Abbas Wireless Communications
Cluster MIMOS Berhad 2008
5. William C.Y.LEE “Wireless and Cellular Telecommunications”, 3 rd Edition (Chapter –
6)
6. 5G Fixed mobile convergence Broadband forum, Marketing Report, MR-427
7. Some slide are modified from the “Fixed-Mobile Convergence” by Mitesh Ochaney
8. Some slides are modified from the “IP Multimedia Sub-System”