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    Gamma Interactions With Matter

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    Divyansh Singh Chauhan
    Gamma interactions with matter include pair production, Compton scattering, and the photoelectric effect. Compton scattering is the dominant interaction for gamma rays between 662 keV and 100 keV. The photoelectric effect dominates below 100 keV. The probability of Compton scattering is proportional to the electron density of the material, which depends on properties like the atomic number, bulk density, and atomic mass. Density measurements rely on relating the count rate detected to the density of the material using equations that may include additional terms to account for factors like curved ray paths and lithology dependencies. Density corrections are indicated by the contrast between formation and mudcake properties. The new density algorithm improves upon previous techniques by incorporating more parameters in its equation.

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    Gamma Interactions With Matter

    Uploaded by

    Divyansh Singh Chauhan
    16 views13 pages
    Gamma interactions with matter include pair production, Compton scattering, and the photoelectric effect. Compton scattering is the dominant interaction for gamma rays between 662 keV and 100 keV. The photoelectric effect dominates below 100 keV. The probability of Compton scattering is proportional to the electron density of the material, which depends on properties like the atomic number, bulk density, and atomic mass. Density measurements rely on relating the count rate detected to the density of the material using equations that may include additional terms to account for factors like curved ray paths and lithology dependencies. Density corrections are indicated by the contrast between formation and mudcake properties. The new density algorithm improves upon previous techniques by incorporating more parameters in its equation.

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    BasicDensityTheory

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    Gamma interactions with matter include pair production, Compton scattering, and the photoelectric effect. Compton scattering is the dominant interaction for gamma rays between 662 keV and 100 keV. The photoelectric effect dominates below 100 keV. The probability of Compton scattering is proportional to the electron density of the material, which depends on properties like the atomic number, bulk density, and atomic mass. Density measurements rely on relating the count rate detected to the density of the material using equations that may include additional terms to account for factors like curved ray paths and lithology dependencies. Density corrections are indicated by the contrast between formation and mudcake properties. The new density algorithm improves upon previous techniques by incorporating more parameters in its equation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    16 views13 pages

    Gamma Interactions With Matter

    Uploaded by

    Divyansh Singh Chauhan
    Gamma interactions with matter include pair production, Compton scattering, and the photoelectric effect. Compton scattering is the dominant interaction for gamma rays between 662 keV and 100 keV. The photoelectric effect dominates below 100 keV. The probability of Compton scattering is proportional to the electron density of the material, which depends on properties like the atomic number, bulk density, and atomic mass. Density measurements rely on relating the count rate detected to the density of the material using equations that may include additional terms to account for factors like curved ray paths and lithology dependencies. Density corrections are indicated by the contrast between formation and mudcake properties. The new density algorithm improves upon previous techniques by incorporating more parameters in its equation.

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    GAMMA INTERACTIONS WITH

    MATTER

    *PAIR PRODUCTION (needs GR > 1.02 Mev)

    *COMPTON SCATTERING (FREE


    ELECTRONS) (from 662 Kev to 100 Kev)

    *PHOTO -ELECTRIC EFFECT (below 100


    Kev)

    1
    Comp. prob  N e
    Z
    N e  N 0 b
    A
    Z
    Comp. prob   Comp  N 0 b
    A
    Where:
    Z  Atomic number
     b  Bulk density
    N 0  Avogadro number
    A  Atomic mass
    2
    Z/A FOR COMMON DOWNHOLE ELEMENTS

    E
    l
    eme
    nt A Z Z
    2
    A
    H 1
    .
    008 1 1
    .
    984
    1

    C 1
    2
    .0
    11 6 .
    999
    1

    O 1
    6
    .0
    00 8 1
    .
    000
    0

    N
    a 2
    2
    .9
    9 1
    1 .
    956
    9

    S
    i 2
    8
    .0
    9 1
    4 .
    996
    8

    C
    l 3
    5
    .4
    6 1
    7 .
    958
    8

    C
    a 4
    0
    .0
    8 2
    0 .
    998
    0
    3
    COUNT RATE AT A DETECTOR
     a  x e
    C  I0 e
       pair prod   Comp   photo
    This equation assumes the gamma
    rays can follow a straight line path
    from source to detector.
     e  2 Z
    M  b
    Z  atomic number
    M  molecular weight
    4

    2   1
    Z
    M
    therefore we can write the equation as:
     a  x b
    C  I0 e
    taking the log of both sides, and considering  a
    constant :

     b  A  B ln C
    ln C  ln I 0  a  x  b
    a  x  b   ln C  ln I 0
    we solve for  b
    1 1
    b   ln C  ln I 0
    ax ax
    1 1
    let A   ,B ln I 0
    ax ax
    5

    THE SPINE EQUATION
    For a two detector system, we first
    write the density equations in the more
    traditional form
     LS  A1  B1 ln C1
     SS  A2  B2 ln C 2
    If the tool is placed in front of a
    homogenous medium-no mudcake or
    borehole washout- we expect the two
    equations to be equal
    6
    DENSITY CORRECTION
    IN GENERAL (TYPICALLY THE CASE)
     *
    mc   b  Negative correction
      negative
     *
    mc   b  Positive correction
      positive
     *
    mc   b  No correction
      0
    9
    THE NEW DENSITY
    ALGORITHM (SDLT-D)
    Referring back to the equation for the
    density count rate with no lithology
    dependency
     a  Comp x  e
    C  I 0e
    Taking the log of both sides

    ln C  ln I 0  a  Comp x  e
    This can be written as:
    ln C  a1  a 2  e 11
    Dropping the subscript on e

    ln C  a1  a 2 
    This equation assumes a straight-line path
    from source to detector. To account for
    the actual curve path and the actual
    lithology dependency of the measurement,
    the equation can be expanded to include
    other terms.

    2 3
    ln C  a1  a 2   a 3   a 4   a 5 L
    12
    To account for the standoff effect
    (mud +mudcake) we add two
    additional terms

    2 3
    ln C  a1  a2   a3   a4   a5 L  a6 x1  a7 x2
    where
    x1  f (  ,  mc , t )
    x2  f ( L, Lmc , t )

    13
    THE NEW DENSITY
    EQUATION
    Curved path of Lithology Standoff
    gamma rays effect effect

    2 3
    ln C  a1  a 2   a3   a 4   a5 L  a6 x1  a7 x2
    REPLACES THE
    SPIN AND RIB
    TECHNIQUE 14
    CORM (m )iscorrection
    The density an indication
    canof bethe contrast
    between L (andby
    approximated hence Pe ) combination
    a linear of the formation
    of
    the Lvariables
    and x1 and x2
    of the mudcake.
    p = d1x1 defined as CORP, positive correction, d1 is a
    constant
    m= d2x2 defined as CORM, negative correction, d2 is a
    constant
     = p+ m = New density correction
    CORP (p ) is an indication of the
    difference between the density of the
    formation and the density of the
    mudcake 15
    Pem
    Because of the importance of coherent-scattering
    (Rayleigh) and binding-energy correction to Compton
    scattering (incoherent), it is not possible to calibrate a
    density tool to accurately read a traditional Pe of all
    materials, but it is possible to calibrate one to accurately
    read Pem.
    The transform equation is given by:
    Pem = 4.160L-0.464
    L = The lithology factor
    Using this transform, the Pem will equal the traditional Pe in pure
    calcite and quartzite, but will differ in other materials. 16

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