ENGLISH 2

READING & WRITING

SKILLS
LESSON 1. TEXT AS A CONNECTED
DISCOURSE

•What is the different of a TEXT to

CONNECTED DISCOURSE?
• The word TEXT connotes expression of ideas either in
spoken or written form. Different resource materials define
the term TEXT as:
• The actual wording of anything written or printed.
(Dictionary.com)
• The main body of printed or written matter on a page.
(Merriam.Webster)
• The actual structure of words in a piece of writing.(Your
Dictionary)
• The original words of something written or printed,as
opposed to a paraphrase,translation,revision,or
condensation.(The Free Dictionary)
• Reading and Writing Skills ,you will be directed
to the etymological definition of the term
which explains that TEXT derives from the
Latin word texere,that is to weave, in English
translation.
• The meaning of TEXT becomes clear and
purposive when expressed in a structure of
connected discourse.Moreover, discourse is
defined as follows:
• A formal,orderly and usually extended expression of
thought on a subject;connected speech or writing: a
linguistics unit (as a conversation or a story) larger than a
sentence.(Merriam Webster)
• A connected series of utterances; a text or conversation.
(Oxford dictionary)
• A communication of thoughts by words.(Dictionary.com)
• A connected speech which is expressed in a continuous
sequence of sounds forming utterance or conversations in
spoken language.(Wikipedia)
• What makes text a connected discourse?
• By describing text as a connected discourse,you are
basically concerned with the extended text and the
use of language for social interaction in a particular
text.
 FROM TEXT TO DISCOURSE

• Directions: Study the following images. Reflect

on how they are presented. Decide whether
they constitute a text or not. Explain your
answer based on your understanding of the
definition of text.
• A- May I take your order?
• B-Yes,I’d like the chicken and a side order of corn?
• A-And what would you like to drink?
• B-I’d like a cup of coffee,please.
• C-I’ll take the spaghetti and a salad.
• A-what would you like to drink?
• C-just water,please.
• Answer:
• _________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
• Manila-The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)
said that the public may expect more temblors in the coming days after the
series of tremors in Batangas during the weekend.
• PHIVOLCS Director Renato Solidum on Monday said that the multiple quakes
felt in Batangas and nearby parts of Luzon are part of a “swarm” which can last
for days.
• “The series of earthquakes in Batangas are all related as one fault system or ne
fault moving incrementally to generate succeeding or successive small
earthquake events. "he said on ANC’s Dateline Philippines.”
• “Well an earthquake swarm can last for days or even weeks so there can still be
earthquakes in the next few days.” he added
• Solidum however allayed fears that the Big One’ was at hand.
• ABS-CBN news Posted at April 10 2017 02:39 PM Updated as April 10 2017
04:18PM
 COHERENCE COHESION

• -the semantic connections that • unity; making things link together

exits within a text to make it .
meaningful. If a text is coherent • -sentences to
it makes sense. sentences;paragraphs to
paragraphs.
• Being defined as the quality of • They include semantic relation
being logical, consistent and able
collocations, lexical repetition,
to be understood. linking adverbials, ellipsis(is form
of dots),conjunctions,
• Synonyms, antonym, hypernyms,
hyponyms and referencing.
• You can have cohesion without coherence but you
cannot have coherence without cohesion.
• Example: “I bought some hummus to eat with Celery.
Green vegetables can boost your metabolism .the
Australian Greens is apolitical party. I couldn’t decide
what to wear to the new year’s party.”
Collocation
• Collocations-the habitual
juxtapose(contrasting effect) of
a particular word with another
word or words with a greater
than chance. Ex.”strong coffee”
Conjunctions
• A word used to connect
clauses or sentences or to
coordinate words in the
same clauses.
• Subordinating
conjunctions
• Coordinating conjunctions
• Correlative conjunctions
Activity 2
 Lesson 2:Techniques in Selecting and
Organizing Information

• A. Brainstorming-An effective technique to get

you started in your writing task is brainstorming.
• It is all about generating countless ideas on a
general topic.
• B.Graphic Organizer- can help you get your
thoughts visually and orderly before you begin to
draft your writing.
• C.Topic Outline- is a hierarchical listing of topics in
words or phrase form.It shows the main points with
corresponding sub-points in a choice of sequence
you may wish to adopt and to talk about.
• D.Sentence outline-Contrary to topic outline , a
sentence outline expresses the list of topics in
complete sentences.
 Lesson 3.Introducing the Reading
Process and Reading Strategies

• What is Reading?
Reading? Is a cognitive process of decoding symbols to derive
meaning from a text.
BASIC READING SKILLS
• Rapid Reading-aims to locate specific information or main ideas in
very short span of time.
• a.Skimming-when you try to get the general idea by reading
through the text quickly,What do you do is skimming .
• i.Use your finger as a guide when reading across the line.
• Ii.Focus more on the first and the last sentences of each
paragraph;they usually contain the main idea of the text.
• Of all love stories that are known to human history,
the love story of Antony and Cleopatra has been for
nineteen centuries the most remarkable.it has
tasked the resources of the plastic and the graphic
Arts. It has been made the theme of poets and of
prose narrators.it has appeared and reappeared in
a thousand forms,and it appeals as much to the
imagination today as it did when Anthony deserted
his almost victorious troops and hastened in a swift
galley from Actium in pursuit of Cleopatra.
• b.Locating the main idea is another reading skill.It
involves the identification of the central message of a
reading selection. NAME GRADE
Pio 90.5
• c.Scanning- Lance 75
Sean 100
Alyssa 96
Ajeth 88
Cleensea 95
Joshua 86
• 3.Literal Reading-involves the understanding of ideas and facts that are
directly stated in the printed materials.
• Note-taking,paraphrasing and summarizing. These are done in the post
reading stage.
o Focuses in on the main Idea.
b.Paraphrasing-involvesrestating ideas from the original text.
o Focuses in details.
4. Inferential Reading-refers to the process of deducing facts and ideas not
directly expressed in the text. It also known “reading between the lines”.
5.Critical Reading-refers to the close and through evaluation of the claims in
the text in terms of relevance,validity and logic.
This skills includes distinguishing facts from opinions and detecting logical
fallacies.
 LESSON 4 PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
• DEFINITION
• EXEMPLIFICATION
• DESCRIPTION(SENSORY AND SPATIAL
• CHRONOLOGY/PROCEDURE
• LISTING
• COMPARISON-CONTRAST
• CLASSIFICATION AND DIVISION
• CAUSE AND EFFECT
• PROBLEM SOLUTION
 DEFINITON

• Using definition to develop an idea helps to clarify

and explain con cepts by answering the
question”what does it mean?”.This pattern explain
the information through the use of
illustrations,examples,and descriptions.
 EXEMPLIFICATION

• An exemplification pattern presents the general

statement and then provides specific and concrete
examples to expound on the main idea.Simply
put,this pattern is used to provide an example of
something .
 Description (Sensory and Spatial)

• A descriptive pattern basically provides details on

the idea by using either a sensory or spatial
pattern.through a sensory pattern,ideas are
arranged based on one or all of the five senses. A
spatial pattern, on the other hand,arranges ideas
by location or physical space.
 Chronology/procedure

• Organizes ideas or events according to time.it can

be either be in the form of a narration or a process.
• Narration-Sequence of events
• Process-Organizes by details
 listing

• A listing pattern organizes ideas using

enumeration.
 Comparison and Contrast

• Organizes ideas based on how events,

places,people, things and concepts are similar to
or different from one another.
 Principles of Effective Writing

• A composition can either be a paragraph or an

essay. A paragraph is a group of interrelated
sentences that talk about one main idea while an
essay is a group of paragraphs that talk about one
central idea.
 Paragraph Essay

Organized around a topic Organized around a thesis

sentence
Contains introductory Contains introductory
sentence paragraph
Uses sentences to explain Uses paragraphs to explain
major points major points
May use a concluding Always uses a concluding
sentence paragraph
 Properties of a well written text

• Unity is achieved when a composition contains

one focused idea.
• In unified text all the supporting ideas are relevant
to the main thought .Without unity , the text will
be confusing
• Coherence and cohesion
• coherence-occurs when ideas are connected at
the conceptual or idea level.
• Cohesion-is the connection of ideas at the
sentence level.
 Thesis Statement, Topic Sentence and
Supporting Details

• Thesis Statement is the central idea of a multiple-

paragraph composition.
• One-sentence summary that guides,controls and
unifies ideas when writing a paper.
 “Necessity of a College education”

“ College education is important”

“Getting a college degree is important because it

will equip a student to become a professional in
his/her chosen field and it will widen his/her
perspective of the world.”
 How to write an effective Thesis Statement

• 1.It should be written in a complete sentence with a

clearly stated subject
DON’T DO

Computer as helpful tools Computer can help a

in teaching and researching teacher effectively impart
the lesson and research
information.
• 2.It should not be too narrow nor too broad, and it
should contain at least two details if the details you
generate are already definite examples, then your thesis
statement is too specific.
DON’T DO
Many events in the history of In the history of the Philippines ,
the Philippines contributed to the people power I was one of the major
changes in the country. events which changed our country,
People power I involved many especially the culture, structure and
politics of the Philippines.
Filipinos who wanted freedom People Power I can be compared to
from martial law. the revolution during the Spanish
period, as it sprang from our
contrymen’s conscious need for
freedom against tyranny.
• 3.Avoid an awkward thesis statement which states the obvious .
these statements usually start with the phrase” I will tell you….” or” I
will talk about…..”
DON’T DO

I will tell you about how the An increase in the number of

increase in the number of squatters in Metro Manila can be
squatters in metro Manila can be attributed to the effects of
attributed to the effects over overpopulation and
population and gentrification. gentrification.
4. Enumerated details should have the same level of
significance . if one of the details can be classified under
another detail, you can omit it.
DON’T DO

Overseas Filipino Workers Overseas Filipino Workers

(OFWs) help raise the country’s (OFWs) help raise the country’s
economy ,add more revenues, economy and promote the
and promote the hospitality of hospitality of Filipinos.
Filipinos.
• 5.It should not state an absolute fact, because it will not present
any central idea that can be developed further.It should have a
point.
DON’T DO

Rizal Park is located in manila. Rizal Park, which is located in

manila, is a reminder of our
nationalism and revolution.
 TOPIC SENTENCE

•A Topic Sentence guides, controls and unifies ideas in a paragraph . It

develops one argument of the thesis statement.

•TOPIC: Jogging
•QUESTION: Why is jogging beneficial?
•Thesis Statement:jogging is beneficial because it positively affects
physical well being and mental fitness.
 Professional Writing

• Business Letter- an effective business letter elicits the

expected response from the readers.
• This can also ina concise,tactful, and accurate writing
style
• A business letter serves several purposes: for
complain,for information dissemination,for
relationship buildings,for problem-solving, and many
others.
Parts of a Business Letter
 PARTS OF A COLLEGE ADMISSION
APPLICATION LETTER

• INTRODUCTION
• 1.State who you are and What you are applying for.
• 2.State an eye-catching statement about yourself that will
cause the reader to continue reading your qualifications.
• 3.Show your enthusiasm to study in the university you are
applying to.
• BODY
• 1.Present your academic qualifications,extracurricular
involment,community activity engagements and some
personal qualities with specific evidence.
• 2.organize your thoughts and segregate them into
paragraphs .You may separate paragraphs by theme(one
paragraph for academic qualification and one for
extracurricular activities).
• 3.State the benefits the university can obtain by admitting
you.Do not just give facts ;explain how these benefits the
university.
• CONCLUSION
• 1.Indicate your interest for an interview.
• 2.Indicate how thee interviewer can contact you.
• 3.Express your hope for a positive response from the
Admission director.
• 4.thank you.
 HYPERTEXT VS. INTERTEXT

• Intertext refers to a work whose meaning is haped by rferencing