Industrial Hydraulics

Visual Aids

Chapter 9
 C o n d u c to r, R e s is t o r, V a r ia b le
C o n n e c te d
O R

C o n d u c to rs , S o le n o id C o il,
N o t C o n n e c te d Iro n C o re

B a t te r y , D r y C e ll o r R e la y C om m on N .C .
D C S o u rc e N .O .

R e la y C o n ta c ts
N .O . N .C .

A C P o w e r P lu g T r a n s f o r m e r, I r o n C o r e
P r im a r y S e c o n d a ry

Fuse D io d e C a th o d e Anode

F ig u r e 9 - 1 C o m m o n e le c t r ic a l s c h e m a t ic s y m b o l s

C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 Lam p A m m e te r
- A +

S w it c h : S in g le P o le , SPST V o lt m e t e r
S in g le T h r o w - V +

S w it c h : S in g le P o le , SPDT O h m m e te r
D o u b le T h r o w - W +

C a p a c ito r E a r th G r o u n d

R e s is t o r, F ix e d C h a s s is G r o u n d

R e s is t o r, T a p p e d

Figure 9-1 Common electrical schematic symbols (cont’d)

 F ig u r e 9 -2 F u n c t io n a l e q u iv a le n c e o f e le c t r ic a l a n d h y d r a u lic c o m p o n e n t s
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
R e s e r v o ir Pum p P re s s u re F lo w R e lie f D ir e c t io n a l A c c u m u la t o r R e s t r ic t io r C h e c k H y d r a u lic
G auge M e te r V a lv e V a lv e V a lv e M o to r

80 0
60 0 10 0 0
40 0 12 0 0
20 0 1 4 00

0 16 0 0
p s ig

V o lt Am p V o lt a g e E le c tr ic
G ro u n d B a tte ry M e te r M e te r R e g u la t o r S w itc h C a p a c ito r R e s is t o r D io d e M o to r

F ig u r e 9 - 3 C o m p a r is o n o f s im p le h y d r a u lic a n d e le c tr ic a l c ir c u its
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 L ik e C h a r g e s R e p e l

U n lik e C h a r g e s A t t r a c t

F ig u r e 9 -4 T h e la w o f e le c tr ic a l c h a r g e s
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
1 . W ith n o e x te r n a l fo r c e a p p lie d , c h a r g e s 2 . W h e n e x t e r n a l f o r c e is a p p lie d , th e f lo w
d r if t r a n d o m ly w it h in a c o n d u c t o r o f c h a r g e s c a n b e d ir e c t e d

R a n d o m D r if t D ir e c t e d F lo w
P o s it iv e N e g a tiv e
C h a rg e C h a rg e

3 . C o n v e n tio n a l c u r r e n t f lo w s fr o m
p o s it iv e to n e g a tiv e in a c ir c u it

F ig u r e 9 - 5 C o n v e n t io n a l c u r r e n t flo w

C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O P R O R A T IO N
 A . C u r r e n t F lo w s in a C lo s e d C ir c u i t

B a tte r y

S w it c h C lo s e d

B . C u r r e n t C a n n o t F lo w in a n O p e n C ir c u it

B a tte r y

S w it c h O p e n

F ig u re 9 - 6 C lo s e d a n d o p e n c ir c u it s
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O P R O R A T IO N
 I
I

P o s it iv e c h a r g e s N e g a tiv e c h a r g e s
a c c u m u la t e C opper a c c u m u la t e
a t t h is te r m in a l Z in c a t t h is te r m in a l

T h e c h e m ic a l r e a c t io n
b e t w e e n t h e e le c t r o ly t e
a n d t h e c o p p e r a n d z in c
s tr ip s p r o d u c e s a
d iff e r e n c e o f p o te n tia l
b e t w e e n t h e p o s it iv e a n d
n e g a tiv e t e r m in a ls o f t h e
b a t t e r y . T h is d iffe r e n c e
o f p o te n tia l c a u s e s c u rr e n t to
f lo w in a n e x t e r n a l c i r c u it
c o n n e c te d a c ro s s th e
t e r m in a ls S u lp h u r ic A c id a n d W a t e r

F ig u r e 9 - 7 B a tte ry a s a p o w e r s o u rc e
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 V
V +
D ir e c t C u r r e n t +
W a v e fo rm s O
O -
T im e T im e
-
+D C -D C
V
+ V
or +
O
T im e O
- T im e
P u ls a t in g + D C -

A lt e r n a t in g C u r r e n t V
W a v e fo rm s O n e C y c le
+
+
0
-
-
AC

F ig u r e 9 - 8 D C a n d A C w a v e fo rm s
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O P R O R A T IO N
 T y p ic a l L o w P o w e r
R e s is t o r s ( F ix e d )

T y p ic a l H ig h
P o w e r R e s is t o r
( F ix e d )

T y p ic a l V a r ia b le
R e s is t o r s

F ig u r e 9 - 9 F ix e d a n d v a r ia b le r e s is t o r s
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 F ig u re 9 - 1 0 A n a lo g m e te r
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 3 .4 5 6

F ig u r e 9 - 1 1 D ig it a l m e te r
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
R e m o v e p o w e r fro m
c ir c u it t o b e te s t e d T u rn p o w e r o ff
S 1
+ R Load 1 R Load 2
P a t h in w h ic h
c u rr e n t is to b e
- m e a s u re d

B r e a k th e c ir c u it a t p o in t
w h e r e c u r r e n t is t o b e
m e a s u re d S 1
+ R Load 1 R Load 2

- X
X

C o n n e c t th e a m m e te r
in s e r ie s w it h t h e c ir c u it .
S
O b s e r v e p o la r it y . T h e n 1
+ R R
t u r n o n t h e c ir c u it p o w e r Load 1 Load 2

a n d m e a s u re th e c u rre n t
f lo w - A

F ig u r e 9 - 1 2 S e rie s c o n n e c t io n o f a m m e t e r
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
A . V o lt m e t e r M e a s u r in g Pow er O n
A V o lt a g e D r o p
V o lt m e t e r c o n n e c t e d in S1 R 1
T w o P a th s
p a r a lle l w it h c ir c u it b y
t o u c h in g t e s t le a d s t o C u r r e n t flo w s R
h e re 2 V
e a c h s id e o f c o m p o n e n t .
a n d h e re
M e te r r e a d s v o lt a g e d r o p
if c u r r e n t flo w s in c ir c u it R 3

B . V o lt m e t e r M e a s u r in g
A V o lt a g e R is e
V o lt m e t e r m e a s u r e s S 1 R
v o lt a g e r is e e v e n th o u g h 1
P ow er can
n o c u r r e n t is f lo w in g in
b e O n o r O ff
c ir c u it . V o ltm e t e r V R 2
p r o v id e s a p a t h a c r o s s
p o s it iv e a n d n e g a tiv e
C u r r e n t flo w s t h r o u g h R
t e r m in a ls o f p o w e r
m e te r b u t n o t c ir c u it 3
s o u rc e

F ig u r e 9 - 1 3 V o ltm e te r m e a s u r in g v o lta g e d r o p a n d v o lt a g e r is e
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
V o lt m e t e r c a n n o t m e a s u r e
v o lt a g e d r o p if c u r r e n t is S 1 R 1
n o t flo w in g in t h e c ir c u it
R 2 V

N o C u rre n t
F lo w R 3

F ig u r e 9 - 1 4 V o ltm e te r a c r o s s c o m p o n e n t w ith n o c u r r e n t f lo w in g
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 Ohm s
20 12 5
A f t e r z e r o a d ju s t in g th e 40
30

m e te r a n d c o n n e c tin g 50 2
100
th e c o m p o n e n t b e tw e e n 500
th e te s t p r o b e s , th e 1000
m e te r p o in t e r in d ic a t e s 2000 0
1 2 o n th e O h m s s c a le .
S in c e th e r a n g e s w itc h is
s te to R x 1 , th e RA
r e s is ta n c e e q u a ls NG
SW E
12 x 1 = 12 O hm s
IT
CH
R x 1
R x 100
R x 1 0 ,0 0 0

Ohm s
20 12 5
30
40
I n t h is m e a s u r e m e n t , th e 50 2
m e te r p o in t e r in d ic a t e s 100
500
1 2 , b u t t h e r a n g e s w it c h 1000
is s e t to R x 1 0 0 . T h e 2000 0
r e s is ta n c e b e in g
m e a s u r e d e q u a ls
12 x 100 = 1200 O hm s

RA
NG
SW

E
IT C
H
R x 1
R x 100
R x 1 0 ,0 0 0

F ig u r e 9 - 1 5 O h m m e te r m e a s u re m e n ts
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
W h e n c o n n e c tin g a n
o h m m e te r a c ro s s a
c o m p o n e n t ( R 2) a fa ls e
r e a d in g w ill b e o b t a in e d
if t h e c o m p o n e n t is n o t S 1
d is c o n n e c te d f r o m t h e
c ir c u it . W h e n t h e
o h m m e t e r is c o n n e c t e d
a s s h o w n , m e te r c u rre n t
R R
c a n flo w th r o u g h b o th R 2 1 2

a n d R 1. T h e
m e a s u r e m e n t w ill b e a T w o p a t h s w ith
c o m b in a tio n o f R 1 a n d R 2 le ft in c irc u it
R 2 v a lu e s r e s u lt in g in a
f a ls e r e a d in g - lo w e r
th a n e x p e c te d

W h e n th e c o m p o n e n t to O n e p a th w it h
b e m e a s u r e d w it h th e X R 2 d is c o n n e c te d
o h m m e t e r is S 1
d is c o n n e c te d f r o m t h e
c ir c u it , m e te r c u r r e n t h a s
o n ly o n e p a th it c a n
f o llo w . T h is a llo w s a t r u e R 1 R 2

m e a s u re m e n t o f th e
c o m p o n e n t w it h t h e
o h m m e te r

F ig u r e 9 - 1 6 F a ls e o h m m e t e r r e a d in g s
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
A . S im p le F la s h lig h t
C ir c u it
U s e O h m 's L a w t o s o l v e + S 1
Lam p
fo r I:
I = E /R = 6 V /1 2 0  = 0 .0 5 A R = 120
C o n v e rt A to m A :
0 .0 5 A x 1 0 0 0 = 5 0 m A - E = 6V

B . V o lta g e In c r e a s e d
(to 1 2 V )
V o lt a g e h a s b e e n
d o u b le d . A c c o r d in g t o +
S Lam p
1
O h m 's L a w , t h e c u r r e n t
s h o u ld a ls o b e d o u b le d R = 120
( d ir e c t r e la t io n s h ip ) .
I = E /R = 1 2 V /1 2 0  = 0 .1 A - E = 12V
0 .1 A x 1 0 0 0 = 1 0 0 m A
C . R e s is ta n c e
In c r e a s e d (to 2 4 0  )
R e s is t a n c e h a s b e e n Lam p
d o u b le d . A c c o r d in g t o + S 1
O h m ’s la w , th e c u r r e n t
s h o u ld a ls o b e h a lv e d R = 240
( in v e r s e r e la t io n s h ip ) .
I = E /R = 1 2 V /1 2 0  = 0 .0 5 A - E = 12V
0 .0 5 A x 1 0 0 0 = 5 0 m A

F ig u r e 9 - 1 7 O h m ’s la w p r o o f
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 C IR C U IT D E F IN IT IO N U N IT O F U N IT M EASURED F U N C T IO N O H M ’S O R
ELEM ENT M EASUREM ENT SYM BO L W IT H S W IT C H W A T T ’S L A W
P O S IT IO N

C u rre n t T h e f lo w o f A m p e re s A A m m e te r ACm A or I = E / R
e le c t r o n s fr o m (a m p s ) DCm A I = P / E
+ to - a ro u n d a I = P /R
c ir c u it

V o lta g e T h e f o r c e w h ic h V o lt s V V o lt m e t e r ACV or E = I x P
(E M F ) c a u s e s c u rre n t DCV E = P / I
t o f lo w E = P /R

R e s is t a n c e T h e o p p o s it io n t o O hm s  O h m m e te r O hm s R = E / I
2
c u r r e n t f lo w R = E / P
2
R = P / I

Pow er T h e r a te o f d o in g W a tts W W a ttm e te r o r N /A P = I x E

e le c t r ic a l w o r k C a lc u la t e d 2
P = I R
P = E2 / R

F ig u r e 9 - 1 8 E le c tr ic a l c ir c u it e le m e n t s u m m a r y c h a r t
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 A . A t t e n u a t o r C ir c u it T e r m in a l A
T h e v o lta g e a v a ila b le a t VI
t e r m in a l B is s o m e A T e r m in a l B
B
p e r c e n ta g e o f th e in p u t 0 to 1 0 0 % o f V I
v o lt a g e ( V I) . T h e e x a c t
p e r c e n ta g e ( fr o m 0 to C
1 0 0 ) d e p e n d s o n th e
p o t e n t io m e t e r s e tt in g
T e r m in a l C G r o u n d

B . A tte n u a to r s e t fo r T e r m in a l A
VI T e r m in a l B
1 0 0 % o f In p u t
A 100% of VI
C u r r e n t f lo w b y p a s s e s
r e s is t a n c e if a t te n u a t o r is B
a d ju s te d f o r m in im u m
a t te n u a t io n . T e r m in a l B C
is e le c t r ic a lly c o n n e c t e d
t o t e r m in a l A T e r m in a l C G r o u n d

C . A tte n u a to r s e t fo r T e r m in a l A
VI
0 % o f In p u t
C u r r e n t f lo w b y p a s s e s A
r e s is t a n c e if a t te n u a t o r is B
a d ju s te d f o r m in im u m T e r m in a l B
a t te n u a t io n . T e r m in a l B C 0% of VI
is e le c t r ic a lly c o n n e c t e d
t o t e r m in a l A T e r m in a l C G r o u n d

F ig u r e 9 - 1 9 P o te n t io m e te r o p e r a tio n
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 +24V
1
R S e r ie s D r o p p in g R e s is to r
1 .4 K 

R2 T e r m in a l B 0 t o 1 0 V
1K 

F ig u r e 9 - 2 0 P o t e n t io m e t e r w ith s e r ie s d r o p p in g r e s is to r
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 M a g n e t ic F ie ld

w
t F lo
e n
rr
Cu
M a g n e t ic F lu x L in e s

N
N o r t h P o le o f
E le c t r o m a g n e t S S o u t h P o le o f
E le c t r o m a g n e t
D ir e c t io n o f
C u r r e n t F lo w

F ig u r e 9 - 2 1 M a g n e t ic f ie ld a r o u n d s o le n o id c o il
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
Push Pin Spool Land
O-ring Seal Areas

Spring

Figure 9-22 Air gap solenoid construction

 P u s h P in A r m a tu r e
P o le P ie c e C o il C o re T u b e

F ig u r e 9 - 2 3 W e t a r m a tu r e s o le n o id c o n s tr u c t io n
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 H ig h V o lt a g e H ig h C u r r e n t
P o w e r S o u rc e
R e la y C o n ta c t
N .C . 220 VAC
M o v in g A r m a t u r e
R e la y C o n ta c t
N .O .
S 1
C o n t r o lle d C ir c u it
6 VDC
R e la y
C o n t r o llin g C ir c u it
M o to r
L o w V o lt a g e
L o w C u rre n t P o w e r S o u rc e

F ig u r e 9 - 2 4 S im p le r e la y c ir c u it
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 +10VD C N o r m a ll y O p e n
7 .2 V R e la y C o n ta c t
R 1
K101
1, 2
C ir c u it B o a r d
N .O .

K101
R 2
4 ,4 V 3, 4
N o r m a ll y C lo s e d
R e la y C o n ta c t

F ig u r e 9 - 2 5 R e la y c o n tr o llin g t w o in p u t v o lta g e s
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 P r im a r y & S e c o n d a r y C o ils
P r im a r y Iro n C o re W o u n d o n th e S a m e C o re
Leads
L1

L 2

S ym bol
S e c o n d a ry N
Leads
T ra n s fo rm e r P r im a r y
C o n s t r u c t io n S e c o n d a ry
C u rre n t C u rre n t
A C V o lt a g e S o u r c e L o a d R e s is ta n c e
T ra n s fo rm e r
A c tio n
P r im a r y S S e c o n d a ry

F ig u r e 9 - 2 6 Ir o n c o r e tr a n s fo r m e r
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 A . S te p -U p
S e c o n d a ry
T ra n s fo rm e r
T u rn s = 2 0 0 0
T u rn s = 1 0 0 0
E = 230V
E = 11 5 V
I =2A
I = 4A
P = 460W
P = 460W
B . S te p -D o w n
S e c o n d a ry
T ra n s fo rm e r
T u rn s = 2 0 0
T u rn s = 8 0 0
E = 30V
E = 120A
I = 4A
I = 1A
P = 120W
P = 120W

C .T ra n s fo r m e r
W ith T h r e e
S e c o n d a rie s
S e c o n d a ry 1
T u rn s = 8 0 0
T u rn s = 2 0 0
E = 120V
I = 1A
P = 120W

F ig u r e 9 - 2 7 T r a n s fo r m e r ty p e s
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 S e m ic o n d u c t o r
J u n c t io n
N e g a tiv e T y p e P o s it iv e T y p e
S e m ic o n d u c t o r S e m ic o n d u c t o r
C a th o d e N P Anode
D io d e C o n s tr u c t io n
Band
C a th o d e Anode
O n e T y p e o f D io d e
C a th o d e Anode
S ym bol
R 1
+ -
D 1
I D 1 N o C u r r e n t F lo w
- +
R 1

F o r w a r d B ia s e d D io d e R e v e r s e B ia s e d D io d e

F ig u r e 9 - 2 8 S e m ic o n d u c to r d io d e

C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 A . H a lf w a v e R e c tif ie r C ir c u it - P o s itiv e P u ls a t in g D C O u t p u t
D C O u tp u t
+ O n e p u ls e p e r c y c le
A C In p u t o f in p u t A C
-

B . H a lf w a v e R e c tif ie r C ir c u it - N e g a t iv e P u ls a t in g D C O u t p u t
D io d e R e v e r s e d
D C O u tp u t
-
A C In p u t D ir e c t io n o f c u r r e n t flo w
t h r o u g h lo a d is r e v e r s e d
+

F ig u r e 9 - 2 9 H a lf w a v e r e c t if ie r c ir c u its
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 P o in t A D 1
+ + P o in t A P o s it iv e :
- D1 O N
+
-
115 V A C - Load
P o in t B D P o in t B P o s it iv e
60 H z 2
D2 O FF

P o in t A D 1
- P o in t A N e g a tiv e :
-
+ T w o o u tp u t D1 O FF
- p u ls e s p e r
+
115 V A C + Load o n e c y c le o f
P o in t B D P o in t B P o s it iv e
60 H z 2 in p u t A C
D2 O N

F ig u r e 9 - 3 0 F u ll w a v e r e c t ifie r c ir c u it o p e r a tio n
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 D 1 C a p a c ito r d is c h a r g e s
s to re d c h a rg e s th r o u g h
t h e lo a d w h e n
D 1 is n o t c o n d u c t in g
115 VA C C Load
1

C a p a c ito r c h a r g e s w h ile
D 1 is c o n d u c t in g
t h ro u g h th e lo a d

F ig u r e 9 - 3 1 C a p a c it o r u s e d a s f ilt e r f o r r e c tif ie r c ir c u it
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
A . V o lta g e r e a d in g
+ +
w ith o u t g ro u n d
V V o lt m e t e r in d i c a te s 6 V
6 V b a tte r y
- - I t is n e it h e r + n o r -

B . N e g a tiv e te rm in a l + +
g ro u n d ed V
V o lt m e t e r in d i c a te s + 6 V
- -

C . P o s it iv e t e r m in a l
g ro u n d ed - +
V V o lt m e t e r in d i c a te s - 6 V
+ -

D . P la c e m e n t o f A + +
g r o u n d p ro v id e s b o th B +6V
p o s it iv e a n d n e g a t iv e - - +
v o lt a g e 12V
+ + -
-6 V
- -
C

F ig u r e 9 -3 2 S ig n if ic a n c e o f z e r o r e fe r e n c e p o in t
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 D C P o w e r S u p p ly
1
5 D 1 C 1

4
2
3 D 2 D C M o to r
C o n tro l C e n te r
( E le c t r o n ic )
A C V o lts
P o w e r IN C o n t r o l C ir c u its

1 . 5 V o lt
-
V .O .M . B a tte r y
D C M o to r
( D C V o lt s S e le c t e d )

F ig u r e 9 - 3 3 T e s t in g f o r in a d v e r t e n t c o n n e c tio n o f e a r t h g r o u n d a n d c h a s s is g r o u n d
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 A B C D E

F ig u r e 9 - 3 4 C o m m o n ty p e s o f c o n d u c to rs
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
B . R e la t io n s h ip b e tw e e n W ir e S iz e a n d G a u g e N u m b e r
36
35
7 6
8 5

34
4

9
10

33
11
12

2
13

32
14
15

1
16
17
0

31
W IR E G A U G E

18
19
20

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 21
22
23
24 25 26 27 28
29
30

C . A m e r ic a n W ir e G a u g e ( A W G )

F ig u r e 9 - 3 5 W ir e g a u g e n u m b e r s - c h a r a c te r is t ic s a n d m e a s u r e m e n t s
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
A . N o n m e t a llic T y p e N M - 1 2 -2
s h e a th e d c a b le

B . A r m o r e d c a b le I n s u la t e d M e ta l F le x ib le
c o n s is ts o f tw o o r W ire s C over
m o r e in s u la t e d w ir e s
p r o te c te d b y a fle x ib le
m e ta l c o v e r

C . F le x ib le c o r d is v e r y
t o u g h a n d d u r a b le

F ig u re 9 - 3 6 T y p e s o f c a b le
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
W IR E S IZ E In c o n d u it , c a b le , o r b u r ie d S in g le c o n d u c t o r s in f r e e a ir
d ir e c t ly in t h e e a r t h

Ty p e s T, T W Types R H Ty p e s T, T W Ty pes R H W e a th e rp ro o f
RHW , THW RHW , THW

A B C D E
14 15 15 20 20 30
12 20 20 25 25 40
10 30 30 40 40 55
8 40 45 55 65 70

6 55 65 80 95 100
4 70 85 105 125 130
2 95 155 140 170 175

1 /0 125 150 195 230 235

2 /0 165 175 225 265 275
3 /0 195 200 260 310 320

F ig u re 9 - 3 7 A m p a c ity o f c o p p e r w ir e s

C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 I n p u t s ig n a l s o u r c e : O u tp u t d e v ic e :
- P o t e n t io m e t e r A m p lif ie r - P r o p o r tio n a l v a lv e
- Te m p S e n so r - S e r v o v a lv e
- E tc . - E tc .

F ig u r e 9 -3 8 F u n c t io n a l b lo c k d ia g r a m o f in p u t d e v ic e , a m p lif ie r a n d o u t p u t d e v ic e
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 Ic Ib (m A ) Ic (m A ) I e (m A )
0 0 0
Ib 0 .5 50 5 0 .5
1 100 101
Ie 1 .5 150 1 5 1 .5

F ig u r e 9 - 3 9 S c h e m a t ic s y m b o l a n d c h a r a c te r is t ic s fo r a tr a n s is t o r
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 C +
A B V a lv e S o le n o id
+ 1 2 V D C P o w e r S u p p ly
E
0
0

F ig u r e 9 - 4 0 A m p lifie r c ir c u it
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 S o u rc e A m p lif ie r O u t In A m p lif ie r O u t In A m p lif ie r O ut
In p u t #1 #2 #3

F ig u r e 9 - 4 1 S t a g e s o f a m p lific a tio n
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 + P o w e r S u p p ly

In p u t x O u tp u t
A

- P o w e r S u p p ly

F ig u r e 9 - 4 2 S c h e m a t ic s y m b o l f o r a n a m p lif ie r c a r d
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 In p u t
- O u tp u t

R e f e r e n c e V o lta g e = 0

F ig u r e 9 - 4 3 A m p lifie r w ith g r o u n d e d in p u t te r m in a l fo r z e r o r e fe r e n c e
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 +V

In v e r tin g
In p u t

D i ffe re n tia l V o lta g e O u tp u t

A m p lifie r A m p lifi e r A m p lifi e r
O u tp u t
N o n in v e r tin g
In p u t +

-V

F ig u r e 9 - 4 4 B a s ic o p e r a tio n a l a m p lif ie r
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 R f

+
In p u t R i - O u tp u t

+
S u m m in g -
J u n c t io n

F ig u r e 9 - 4 5 T y p ic a l O p A m p c o n n e c tio n s
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 R f

If
+
Ii -
V i
-V o

R S u m m in g
i +
J u n c t io n
-

F ig u r e 9 - 4 6 T y p ic a l O p A m p w ith v o lt a g e a p p lie d to in p u t
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 R f = 20k

+
R i= 1 0 k -
5V V o = -1 0 V
+
-

F ig u r e 9 - 4 7 E x a m p le in v e r tin g a m p lif ie r c ir c u it
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 V R 0 to 2 6 k  4 k

In p u t +V
- O u tp u t

+
-V

F ig u r e 9 - 4 8 O p A m p w it h v a r ia b le g a in
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 R f

R 1
V If
1
+
I1 -
-V o
S u m m in g
R +
2 J u n c t io n
V -
2

I2

F ig u r e 9 - 4 9 O p A m p w it h t w o in p u ts a t t h e s u m m in g ju n c tio n

C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 R f
In p u t
P o t e n t io m e te r
+V
Ri +V
-

+
-V

P r o p o r t io n a l
R e lie f V a lv e

F ig u r e 9 - 5 0 P r e s s u r e c o n t r o l c ir c u it w it h o p A m p in c lu d in g in p u t p o t e n t io m e t e r

C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
Pow er V s
V s

S u p p ly
V i O R : V i

W ip e r

F ig u r e 9 - 5 1 P o te n t io m e t e r a s a v o lt a g e d iv id e r
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 V o lt a g e
Vs

 V
To p W ip e r P o s it io n B o tto m

F ig u r e 9 - 5 2 L in e a r r e la t io n s h ip b e tw e e n w ip e r p o s it io n a n d w ip e r v o lta g e
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 V s

R 1

W ip e r

R 2

F ig u re 9 - 5 3 P o te n tio m e t e r s h o w n a s t w o s e r ie s r e s is to r
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 R f

V s

I1 R If
1
R -
V i
1

+
I2 R 2

F ig u r e 9 -5 4 P o t e n t io m e t e r u s e d t o v a r y t h e in p u t v o lta g e
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 V s

W ip e r
V o lt a g e
E ffe c t o f Ii
To p W ip e r P o s itio n B o tto m

F ig u r e 9 - 5 5 N o n lin e a r r e la t io n s h ip b e tw e e n w ip e r p o s it io n a n d w ip e r v o lta g e
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 4 -2 0 m A

500 2 -1 0 V O u tp u t

In p u t

F ig u r e 9 - 5 6 C ir c u it f o r c o n v e r tin g a c u r r e n t s ig n a l to a v o lt a g e s ig n a l
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 UN USED
11 R
2 O HM
B AC
C
V O LTA G E
AM P RE SET

RE SET 3 .3 K
N 2

IN T E G R A T IN G G A IN + L IM IT E R AD J
V O LT A G E 2 S1
AM P
S U M M IN G L IN E A R G A IN
J U N C T IO N 2 S2 - L IM IT E R AD J D IT H E R AD J A AC

10 L

20
S A T U R A T IO N G A IN 1 O HM
L IN E A R B IA S AD J
L IM IT E R V A LV E
C O IL

8 J

V O LTA G E
AM P
IN P U T 1

M 1
100K S3
27K 15K PO W ER
270K 51K
S TA G E
V O LTA G E PO W ER O UTPU T
AM P V O LTA G E S TA G E
IN P U T 2 A M P L IF IE R PR EAM P
S6
CW
9 K
R A T IO

V O LTA G E
AM P
O UTPU T C

6 F
S4
P O W E R S TA G E
51K
P R E A M P IN P U T 1
4 D +12v P +20

P O W E R S TA G E 51K CO M M O N
P R E A M P IN P U T 2 R E G U LATO R
5 E S 3 CO M M O N

C C

P O W E R S TA G E -1 2 V C -2 0 v
PR EAM P O UTPU T
7 H

F ig u r e 9 - 5 7 T y p ic a l in d u s tr ia l a m p lifie r c o n tr o l m o d u le
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N