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    Mesuring Instruments

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    sanju
    Measuring instruments are used to measure electrical quantities like current, voltage, power, and energy. Two common measuring instruments are discussed - the dynamometer type wattmeter and the induction type single phase energy meter. HVDC transmission is discussed as an alternative to HVAC transmission. For long distance transmission, HVDC has lower transmission costs than HVAC. HVDC systems can be classified as monopolar, bipolar, or homopolar links based on their configuration. Key components of HVDC systems include converters, reactors, filters, electrodes, DC lines, and circuit breakers. Operation and control of HVDC systems is also discussed.

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    Mesuring Instruments

    Uploaded by

    sanju
    36 views22 pages
    Measuring instruments are used to measure electrical quantities like current, voltage, power, and energy. Two common measuring instruments are discussed - the dynamometer type wattmeter and the induction type single phase energy meter. HVDC transmission is discussed as an alternative to HVAC transmission. For long distance transmission, HVDC has lower transmission costs than HVAC. HVDC systems can be classified as monopolar, bipolar, or homopolar links based on their configuration. Key components of HVDC systems include converters, reactors, filters, electrodes, DC lines, and circuit breakers. Operation and control of HVDC systems is also discussed.

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    Measuring instruments are used to measure electrical quantities like current, voltage, power, and energy. Two common measuring instruments are discussed - the dynamometer type wattmeter and the induction type single phase energy meter. HVDC transmission is discussed as an alternative to HVAC transmission. For long distance transmission, HVDC has lower transmission costs than HVAC. HVDC systems can be classified as monopolar, bipolar, or homopolar links based on their configuration. Key components of HVDC systems include converters, reactors, filters, electrodes, DC lines, and circuit breakers. Operation and control of HVDC systems is also discussed.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    36 views22 pages

    Mesuring Instruments

    Uploaded by

    sanju
    Measuring instruments are used to measure electrical quantities like current, voltage, power, and energy. Two common measuring instruments are discussed - the dynamometer type wattmeter and the induction type single phase energy meter. HVDC transmission is discussed as an alternative to HVAC transmission. For long distance transmission, HVDC has lower transmission costs than HVAC. HVDC systems can be classified as monopolar, bipolar, or homopolar links based on their configuration. Key components of HVDC systems include converters, reactors, filters, electrodes, DC lines, and circuit breakers. Operation and control of HVDC systems is also discussed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 22

    MESURING INSTRUMENTS

    SYLLABUS

    Construction and working

    1. Dynamo type of wattmeter

    2. Single phase Energy Meter


    What is Measuring Instruments ?

     The Instruments used to measure any quantity


    are known as measuring Instruments.

     The instruments used for measuring electrical


    quantities such as current, voltage, Power,
    Energy etc., are called electrical instruments.
    Dynamometer Type Wattmeter
    Induction Type Single phase Energy Meter
    COMPARISION OF HVAC & HVDC SYSTEMS

    • HVDC Cheaper than HVAC for long distance.

    Line Cost AC

    Line Cost DC

    Terminal Cost DC

    Terminal Cost AC

    Break Even Distance

    COST: HVAC vs. HVDC Transmission


    Evaluation of technical considerations

    i) Stability limits
    ii) Voltage control
    iii) Line compensation
    iv) Asynchronous operation
    HVDC System Configurations

    HVDC
    links can
    be ●

    ●
    Monopolar links
    Bipolar links
    broadly ●
    Homopolar links

    classified
    into:
    Monopolar Links
    Bipolar Links
    Homopolar Links
    Components of HVDC transmission system

    1. CONVERTERS
    2. REACTORS
    3. FILTERS
    4. ELECTRODES
    5. DC LINE
    6. CIRCUIT
    BREAKER
    7. REACTIVE
    POWER SOURCE
    OPERATION

    +
    Va T1 T3 T5

    Vc Vb Vo

    T4 T6 T2
    -
    6 PULSE RECTIFIER WAVEFORM
    Effect of Control Angel

    1
    3 α= firing Angle
    u u u
    a a a μ= Commutation Interval
    C

    A Vd

    B
    2
    Simulation model

    500kV, 60 Hz 345kV, 50 Hz,


    5000 MVA equivalent 10,000 MVA equivalent
    DC line 300 km
    A A A aA A A Aa A A A
    + +
    B B B bB B 0.5 H 0.5 H B Bb B B B

    C C C cC C - - C Cc C C C
    Brect Binv phi = 80 deg. 3rd harm.
    phi = 80 deg. 3rd harm. Rectifier Inverter
    DC Fault
    A

    B
    C

    C
    AC filters AC filters A-G Fault
    60 Hz 50 Hz
    600 Mvar 600 Mvar

    Master Control

    Rectifier Master Control Inverter


    Control and Protection Control and Protection
    Simulation Results

    DC Voltage of HVDC link Active response at generator bus

    Active response at load bus AC Voltages at load bus


    Active power response at generator Active power response at
    bus with 800Km length load us with 800km length

    Active power with different length of HVDC and HVAC line.


    Problems associated with HVDC

    1. High cost of converter equipment


    2. Inability to use transformers to alter voltage levels
    3. Generation of harmonics.
    4. Requirement of reactive power.
    5. Complexity of controls.
    Conclusion

    HVDC offers powerful alternative to increase stability of


    a power system as well as to improve system operating
    flexibility and loss reduction. To keep the losses to a
    minimum, the control system shall be designed to keep as
    high voltage as possible. For longer distances HVDC is
    more useful than HVAC.
    References

    1. Meah, Kala, and Sadrul Ula, “Comparative evaluation of HVDC and HVAC transmission
    system”, IEEE, 2007

    2. G.El-Saady, El-Nobi A.Ibrahim,Ahmed H.Okilly “Analysis and Control of HVDC


    Transmission Power System” IEEE, 2016

    3. Grain Adam, Khaled Ahmed, Nand Singh, Stephen Finny ,Barry Williams" H-bridge
    modular multilevel converter for high voltage application“

    4. Thu Win May, Yew Ming Yeap, Student Member, IEEE, and Abhisek Ukil, Senior
    Member, IEEE “Comparative Evaluation of Power Loss in HVAC and HVDC
    Transmission Systems”

    5. E.W. Kimbark, Direct Current Transmission — Volume 1.New York:Wiley Interscience,


    1971.

    6. K.R. Padiyar, HVDC Power Transmission Systems. NewYork:Wiley, 1990


     

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