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    Cell Division

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    Terlita B. Llander
    The cell cycle describes the process cells go through from formation to division. It consists of interphase, where the cell grows and carries out functions, and cell division. DNA replication occurs in interphase to prepare the genetic material for cell division. Mitosis is the division of the nucleus, followed by cytokinesis which divides the cytoplasm. Mitosis consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase stages where the chromosomes align and separate. Errors in mitosis can lead to conditions like cancer through changes in chromosome number or structure.

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    Cell Division

    Uploaded by

    Terlita B. Llander
    60 views18 pages
    The cell cycle describes the process cells go through from formation to division. It consists of interphase, where the cell grows and carries out functions, and cell division. DNA replication occurs in interphase to prepare the genetic material for cell division. Mitosis is the division of the nucleus, followed by cytokinesis which divides the cytoplasm. Mitosis consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase stages where the chromosomes align and separate. Errors in mitosis can lead to conditions like cancer through changes in chromosome number or structure.

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    Cell-Division

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    The cell cycle describes the process cells go through from formation to division. It consists of interphase, where the cell grows and carries out functions, and cell division. DNA replication occurs in interphase to prepare the genetic material for cell division. Mitosis is the division of the nucleus, followed by cytokinesis which divides the cytoplasm. Mitosis consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase stages where the chromosomes align and separate. Errors in mitosis can lead to conditions like cancer through changes in chromosome number or structure.

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    60 views18 pages

    Cell Division

    Uploaded by

    Terlita B. Llander
    The cell cycle describes the process cells go through from formation to division. It consists of interphase, where the cell grows and carries out functions, and cell division. DNA replication occurs in interphase to prepare the genetic material for cell division. Mitosis is the division of the nucleus, followed by cytokinesis which divides the cytoplasm. Mitosis consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase stages where the chromosomes align and separate. Errors in mitosis can lead to conditions like cancer through changes in chromosome number or structure.

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    Cell Division

    Cell Cycle – series of changes a cell goes


    through from the time it is formed
    until it divides.
     Cells have two major periods
    – Interphase (longer phase of cell cycle)
    • Cell grows
    • Cell carries on metabolic processes
    – Cell division
    • Cell replicates itself
    • Function is to produce more cells for growth
    and repair processes
    DNA
     Very complex
    molecule.
     Composed of
    building blocks
    called nucleotides,
    each containing a
    deoxyribose sugar,
    a phosphate
    group, & a
    nitrogen-
    containing base.
    DNA Replication
     Genetic material is duplicated and
    readies a cell for division into two cells
     Occurs toward the end of interphase
     DNA uncoils and each side serves as a
    template, or set of instructions, for
    building a nucleotide strand.
    Events of Cell Division
     Mitosis—division of the nucleus
    – Results in the formation of two daughter
    nuclei
     Cytokinesis—division of the cytoplasm
    – Begins when mitosis is near completion
    – Results in the formation of two daughter
    cells
    Stages of Mitosis
     Prophase
    – First part of cell division
    – Centrioles migrate to the poles to direct assembly of
    mitotic spindle fibers
    – DNA appears as double-stranded chromosomes
    – Nuclear envelope breaks down and disappears
    Stages of Mitosis
     Metaphase
    – Chromosomes
    are aligned in the
    center of the cell
    on the metaphase
    plate
    Stages of Mitosis
     Anaphase
    – Chromosomes are
    pulled apart and
    toward the
    opposite ends of
    the cell
    – Cell begins to
    elongate
    Stages of Mitosis
     Telophase
    – Chromosomes
    uncoil to become
    chromatin
    – Nuclear envelope
    reforms around
    chromatin
    – Spindles break
    down and
    disappear
    Stages of Mitosis
     Cytokinesis
    – Begins during late anaphase and
    completes during telophase
    – A cleavage furrow forms to pinch the cells
    into two parts
    – Division of cytoplasm
    Centrioles Chromatin Centrioles Spindle Centromere
    microtubules
    Forming
    mitotic
    spindle Centromere

    Plasma Nuclear Chromosome, Fragments of Spindle


    membrane envelope consisting of two nuclear envelope pole
    Nucleolus sister chromatids
    Interphase Early prophase Late prophase
    Metaphase Nucleolus
    plate forming

    Cleavage
    furrow

    Nuclear
    Spindle Sister Daughter envelope
    chromatids chromosomes forming
    Metaphase Anaphase Telophase and cytokinesis
    Figure 3.15
    Importance of Mitosis:
     Increasing the number of cells in a
    particular tissue.
     Protection from harmful microorganism
    in case of a cut or wound.
     Replacement of dead or inefficient cells
    in a tissue.
     To maintain the cytoplasm to
    nucleoplasm as well as surface area to
    volume ratio.
    What Happens When Mitosis Goes Wrong?

     Deletion – ex. Cri du chat and Prader-


    Willi Syndrome
     Inversion
     Translocation
    lymphomas, Down Syndrome, leukemias
    and some psychiatric disorders
    What Happens When Mitosis Goes Wrong?

     Changes in Chromosome Number


    (Nondisjunction)
    aneuploidy - new cells with either extra or
    missing chromosomes
    ex. Down Syndrome
    Turner syndrome
    Edward’s Syndrome
    Patau Syndrome ; and Kleinfelter’s
    Syndrome
    What Happens When Mitosis Goes Wrong?

     Mitotic Errors and Cancer


    * cancer is some form of uncontrolled
    cell growth; a result of deletions,
    Inversions and translocations

    *Such changes can alter control of the cell


    cycle. They can also activate genes known
    to be cancerous -- oncogenes. Changes may
    also inactivate tumor-suppressing genes.

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