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    Atomic Structure Theory 2017

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    joseph dave pregoner
    1. Democritus first proposed the idea of atoms in 460 BC, suggesting that all matter is made up of tiny indivisible particles called atoms. 2. In 1804, John Dalton expanded on this idea with his atomic theory, proposing that atoms are the smallest particles that make up elements, atoms of the same element are identical, and atoms cannot be broken down further. 3. In 1897, J.J. Thomson discovered the electron through experiments using cathode ray tubes, showing that atoms contain smaller subatomic particles and overturning Dalton's billiard ball model of the atom.

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    Atomic Structure Theory 2017

    Uploaded by

    joseph dave pregoner
    174 views45 pages
    1. Democritus first proposed the idea of atoms in 460 BC, suggesting that all matter is made up of tiny indivisible particles called atoms. 2. In 1804, John Dalton expanded on this idea with his atomic theory, proposing that atoms are the smallest particles that make up elements, atoms of the same element are identical, and atoms cannot be broken down further. 3. In 1897, J.J. Thomson discovered the electron through experiments using cathode ray tubes, showing that atoms contain smaller subatomic particles and overturning Dalton's billiard ball model of the atom.

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    1. Democritus first proposed the idea of atoms in 460 BC, suggesting that all matter is made up of tiny indivisible particles called atoms. 2. In 1804, John Dalton expanded on this idea with his atomic theory, proposing that atoms are the smallest particles that make up elements, atoms of the same element are identical, and atoms cannot be broken down further. 3. In 1897, J.J. Thomson discovered the electron through experiments using cathode ray tubes, showing that atoms contain smaller subatomic particles and overturning Dalton's billiard ball model of the atom.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    174 views45 pages

    Atomic Structure Theory 2017

    Uploaded by

    joseph dave pregoner
    1. Democritus first proposed the idea of atoms in 460 BC, suggesting that all matter is made up of tiny indivisible particles called atoms. 2. In 1804, John Dalton expanded on this idea with his atomic theory, proposing that atoms are the smallest particles that make up elements, atoms of the same element are identical, and atoms cannot be broken down further. 3. In 1897, J.J. Thomson discovered the electron through experiments using cathode ray tubes, showing that atoms contain smaller subatomic particles and overturning Dalton's billiard ball model of the atom.

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    Atomic Structure

    Democritus 460 BC

    ► Greek Philosopher
    ► Suggested world was made of
    two things – empty space and
    “atomos”
     Atomos – Greek word for
    uncuttable
    ►2 Main ideas
     Atoms are the smallest possible
    particle of matter
     There are different types of
    atoms for each material
    2
    John Dalton’s Atomic Theory
    1804
    1. All matter is made of atoms.
    2. Atoms of one element are all
    the same.
    3. Atoms cannot be broken down
    into smaller parts
    4. Compounds form by
    combining atoms
    Dalton’s Early Atomic Model
    ► “Billiard Ball” model
    ► he envisioned atoms as solid, hard spheres,
    like billiard(pool) balls, so he used
    wooden balls to model them
    J.J. Thomson

    1897
    Discovered the electron

    He was the first scientist to show


    the atom was made of even smaller
    things
    JJ Thomson
    ► Used the Cathode ray tube to discover
    electrons
    Thomson’s Experiment
    Voltage source
    - +

    Vacuum tube

    Metal Disks
    Thomson’s Experiment
    Voltage source
    - +
    Thomson’s Experiment
    Voltage source
    - +
    Thomson’s Experiment
    Voltage source
    - +

     Passing an electric current makes a


    beam appear to move from the
    negative to the positive end
    Thomson’s Experiment
    Voltage source
    - +

     Passing an electric current makes a


    beam appear to move from the
    negative to the positive end
    Thomson’s Experiment
    Voltage source
    - +

     Passing an electric current makes a


    beam appear to move from the
    negative to the positive end
    Thomson’s Experiment
    Voltage source
    - +

     Passing an electric current makes a


    beam appear to move from the
    negative to the positive end
    Thomson’s Experiment
    Voltage source

    ►By adding an electric field


    Thomson’s Experiment
    Voltage source

    -
     By adding an electric field
    Thomson’s Experiment
    Voltage source

    -
     By adding an electric field
    Thomson’s Experiment
    Voltage source

    -
     By adding an electric field
    Thomson’s Experiment
    Voltage source

    -
     By adding an electric field
    Thomson’s Experiment
    Voltage source

    -
     By adding an electric field
    Thomson’s Experiment
    Voltage source
    +

    -
    -
     Adding an electric field cause the beam to
    move toward the positive plate.
     Thomson concluded the beam was made of
    negative moving pieces.
    Thomson’s “Plum Pudding” Atom Model
    Democritus, Dalton, Thomson Video
    Eugen Goldstein 1850-1930
    Using a cathode ray tube he discovered
    canal rays which are beams of positively
    charged particles.
    He is credited with the discovery of
    protons in an atom.
    Canal Rays discovery
    Millikan’s Oil Drop Experiment
    • Determined the charge on an electron
    • Used Thomson’s charge to mass ratio to
    calculate the mass of an electron

    Millikan’s Oil Drop Millikan’s Oil Drop


    Experiment Experiment – another
    video
    Ernest Rutherford - 1913

    • discovered the
    nucleus of a
    gold atom with
    his “gold foil”
    experiment
    Using J.J Thomson’s Plum Pudding
    atomic model, Rutherford predicted the
    alpha particles would pass straight
    though the gold foil. That’s not what
    happened.
    Gold Foil Experiment Results
    most alpha particles go straight through
    the gold foil
    A few alpha particles are sharply deflected
    Rutherford’s Conclusion
    ►The atom is mostly
    empty space.
    ►There is a small,
    dense center with a
    positive charge.
    ►Rutherford
    discovered the
    nucleus in atoms
    Rutherford’s Contribution to the
    Atomic Theory
    ►The atom is
    mostly empty
    space.
    ►The nucleus is
    a small, dense
    core with a
    positive charge.
    Gold Foil video
    Rutherford’s Atomic Model
    Structure of the Atom
    ► Atom – smallest particle of an element that can
    exist alone
     Two regions of an atom
    ►Nucleus
     Center of atom
     Protons and neutrons
    ►Electron “cloud”
     Area surrounding nucleus
    containing electrons
    Structure of the Atom
    ► Proton
    – Positive charge (+), 1 atomic
    mass unit (amu); found in the nucleus
     amu -Approximate mass of a proton or a
    neutron
    ► Neutron – Neutral charge (0), 1 amu;
    found in the nucleus
    ► Electron – Negative charge (-), mass is
    VERY small
    Counting Atoms
    ► Atomic Number
     Number of protons in nucleus
     The number of protons determines identity
    of the element!!

    ► Mass Number (Atomic Mass)


     Number of protons + neutrons
    Counting Atoms
    ► Isotopes
     Atoms of the same element with varying
    number of neutrons
     Different isotopes have different mass numbers
    because the number of neutrons is different
    Composition of the atom video

    Start at 3:25
    Counting Atoms
     Nuclear Symbol Notation
    Atoms
    ► Protonshave a positive (+) charge and
    electrons have a negative (-) charge

    ► In
    a neutral atom, the number of protons
    equals the number of electrons, so the
    overall charge is zero (0)

     Example/ Helium, with an atomic number of 2,


    has 2 protons and 2 electrons when stable
    Ions
    ► In a neutral atom
     Atomic number = # of protons = #of electrons

    ► Sometimes atoms will gain or lose electrons


    and form IONS
    ► Because an electron has a negative charge:
     When an atom GAINS electrons it becomes
    NEGATIVE
     When an atom LOSES electrons it becomes
    POSITIVE
    Ions

    Cation = a positive ion

    Anion = a negative ion


    Let’s Practice
    ► Aluminum (Al) (no periodic table)
     Protons = 13
     Electrons =
     Neutrons = 14
     Atomic Number =
     Atomic Mass =
    Let’s Practice w/ nuclear symbol
    notation
    ► NuclearSymbol notation
    (no periodic table)
     Protons =
    108
    Ag
     Electrons =
     Neutrons =
    47
     Atomic Number =
     Atomic Mass =
    Let’s Practice w/ isotopes
    ► use the periodic table
     Protons =
    Uranium-235
     Electrons =
     Neutrons =
     Atomic Number =
     Atomic Mass =
    Let’s Practice with Ions
    Use the periodic table

    K
     Charge = 39 1+

     Protons =
     Electrons =
     Neutrons =
     Atomic Number =
     Atomic Mass =

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