Microprocessor

Lecture #1
Lecture outline
Block diagram of a computer system
Basic components of a computer system using block diagrams:
Cpu
Memory
Input and output unit

Evolution of microprocessor : 4,8,16,32 dan 64 byte

Nibble, byte, word dan longword
Internal structure and basic operation of a microprocessor (arithmetic and logic unit,
control unit, register sets, accumulator, condition code register, program counter, stack
pointer)
Bus system: data bus, address bus and control bus.
Microprocessor clock system
Examples of microprocessor: 8085,8086.
What is a Computer
• A computer is an electronic device that take input from input device
(keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone) process it and gives an
output from an output device (monitor, printer, plotter).
• A computer is a programmable machine that receives input, stores
and manipulates data//information, and provides output in a useful
format.
1.1 DIAGRAM OF A COMPUTER
SYSTEM
1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A BASIC
COMPUTER SYSTEM
Basic computer system consist of a Central processing unit (CPU),
memory (RAM and ROM), input/output (I/O) unit.

Address bus

ROM RAM I/O I/O

CPU interface devices

Data bus Control

bus

Block diagram of a basic computer system

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 Basic component of computer
Central Processing Unit (CPU) or Processor

•An Electronic chip that perform processing and Control

functions.”
• CPU is considered as the brain of the computer. The
place where data is manipulated
•CPU performs all types of data processing Operations.
•It also stores Data, Intermediate results and
Instructions.
•It controls the operation of all parts of computer.
•A CPU that is manufactured as a single integrated
circuit is usually known as a Microprocessor.
•The CPU consists of one or more chips attached to the
computers main circuit board (Motherboard).
•The CPU is also called processor.

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2. Memory
• physical devices used to store data or programs (sequences of
instructions) on a temporary or permanent basis for use in an
electronic digital computer.
• Computer main memory comes in two principal varieties:
random-access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM).
• RAM can be read and written to anytime the CPU commands it, but
ROM is pre-loaded with data and software that never changes, so the
CPU can only read from it.
• ROM is typically used to store the computer's initial start-up
instructions.
• In general, the contents of RAM are erased when the power to the
computer is turned off, but ROM retains its data indefinitely.
• In a PC, the ROM contains a specialized program called the BIOS that
orchestrates loading the computer's operating system from the hard
disk drive into RAM whenever the computer is turned on .

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3. I/O Unit

• Input/output (I/O), refers to the communication between an

information processing system (such as a computer), and the outside
world possibly a human, or another information processing system.
• Inputs are the signals or data received by the system, and outputs are
the signals or data sent from it
• Devices that provide input or output to the computer are called
peripherals
• On a typical personal computer, peripherals include input devices like
the keyboard and mouse, and output devices such as the display and
printer. Hard disk drives, floppy disk drives and optical disc drives serve
as both input and output devices. Computer networking is another
form of I/O.

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Evolution of Microprocessor

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 DATA SIZE
Nibble 4 bit

Byte 8 bit

Word 16 bit

Long word 32 bit

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Internal structure and basic operation of
microprocessor

Address bus
ALU Register
Section
Data bus

Control unit
Control bus

Block diagram of a microprocessor

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Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
• The component that performs the arithmetic and
logical operations
• the most important components in a
microprocessor, and is typically the part of the
processor that is designed first.
• able to perform the basic logical operations (AND,
OR), including the addition operation.
• The inclusion of inverters on the inputs enables
the same ALU hardware to perform the
subtraction operation (adding an inverted
operand), and the operations NAND and NOR.
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Control unit
• The circuitry that controls the flow of
information through the processor, and
coordinates the activities of the other units
within it.
• In a way, it is the "brain within the brain", as it
controls what happens inside the processor,
which in turn controls the rest of the PC.
• On a regular processor, the control unit performs
the tasks of fetching, decoding, managing
execution and then storing results.

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Register Section
• Register is a temporary storage area to store instructions, data and
address of data.
• A number of registers are normally included inside the
microprocessor.
• The most common registers found in a microprocessor are
accumulator , program counter , stack pointer , instruction register.
Types of Registers:-

• The various types of registers available in different MPUs are

given below
• Accumulator :( ACC)
• This is used as source of one of the operands to the ALU and also
the destination of the result.
• The size of ACC is the same as the word size of the MPU.
• Program Counter: (PC)
• It is used to store the address of the instruction to be executed
next.
Types of Registers:-
• Instruction Register.
• Instruction register store the instructions which are recently
fetched.
• Address Register.
It is used to store the address of any memory location and hence it
is also called memory address register.
• Data Register.
Data register is used to store the data which is currently in use.
Flag Name Description

Z Zero flag Indicates that the result of a mathematical or logical operation was zero.

C Carry flag Indicates that the result of an operation produced an answer greater than the number of available bits. (This flag may
also be set before a mathematical operation as an extra operand to certain instructions, e.g. "add with carry".)

Indicates that the result of a mathematical operation is negative. In some processors, the N and S flags have different
N Negative/ Sign flag meanings: the S flag indicates whether a subtraction or addition has taken place, whereas the N flag indicates whether
the last operation result is positive or negative.

O Overflow Flag Indicates that the result of an operation has overflowed according to the CPU's word representation, similar to the carry
flag but for signed operations.

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Interface section
• The input and output lines through which microprocessor
communicate with the outside the world is called interface section
• Data bus
• Address bus
• Control bus
Bus system
• a subsystem that transfers data between
computer components inside a computer or
between computers.

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Bus system connection

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Data bus
• The data bus is 'bi-directional'
• data or instruction codes from memory or
input/output.are transferred into the microprocessor
• the result of an operation or computation is sent out
from the microprocessor to the memory or
input/output.
• Depending on the particular microprocessor, the
data bus can handle 8 bit or 16 bit data.

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Address bus
• The address bus is 'unidirectional', over which
the microprocessor sends an address code to the
memory or input/output.
• The size (width) of the address bus is specified
by the number of bits it can handle.
• The more bits there are in the address bus, the
more memory locations a microprocessor can
access.
• A 16 bit address bus is capable of addressing
65,536 (64K) addresses.

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Control bus
• The control bus is used by the microprocessor to
send out or receive timing and control signals in
order to coordinate and regulate its operation
and to communicate with other devices, i.e.
memory or input/output.

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Micro processor clock
• Also called clock rate, the speed at which a
microprocessor executes instructions. Every
computer contains an internal clock that regulates
the rate at which instructions are executed and
synchronizes all the various computer components.
• The CPU requires a fixed number of clock ticks (or
clock cycles) to execute each instruction. The faster
the clock, the more instructions the CPU can
execute per second. Clock speeds are expressed in
megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz ((GHz).
• Some microprocessors are superscalar, which
means that they can execute more than one
instruction per clock cycle.
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8086
The 8086 is a 16-bit microprocessor
chip designed by Intel, which gave
rise to the x86 architecture;
development work on the 8086
design started in the spring of 1976
and the chip was introduced to the
market in the summer of 1978.
The Intel 8088, released in 1979,
was a slightly modified chip with an
external 8-bit data bus (allowing the
use of cheaper and fewer supporting
logic chips and is notable as the
processor used in the original IBM
PC.
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8085
• The Intel 8085 is an 8-bit An Intel 8085AH processor.
microprocessor introduced by
From 1977 to
Intel in 1977. Produced
1990s

• It was binary-compatible with

•Intel and
the more-famous Intel 8080 but Common manufacturer(s)
several others

required less supporting

hardware, thus allowing simpler Max. CPU clock rate 3,5 and 6 MHz

and less expensive

microcomputer systems to be Instruction set pre x86

built. Package(s) •40 pin DIP

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