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    Systematics Based On Evolutionary Relationships

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    sannsann
    Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms based on shared characteristics. Over time, taxonomists have developed various systems of classification, moving from classifying based on observable traits like body structure or habitat to modern phylogenetic systems based on evolutionary relationships. Key figures who advanced taxonomy included Aristotle, Linnaeus, Haeckel, and Woese, helping to develop taxonomic ranks and group organisms into coherent kingdoms, domains, and phylogenetic trees.

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    Systematics Based On Evolutionary Relationships

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    sannsann
    113 views19 pages
    Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms based on shared characteristics. Over time, taxonomists have developed various systems of classification, moving from classifying based on observable traits like body structure or habitat to modern phylogenetic systems based on evolutionary relationships. Key figures who advanced taxonomy included Aristotle, Linnaeus, Haeckel, and Woese, helping to develop taxonomic ranks and group organisms into coherent kingdoms, domains, and phylogenetic trees.

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    TAXONOMY

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    Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms based on shared characteristics. Over time, taxonomists have developed various systems of classification, moving from classifying based on observable traits like body structure or habitat to modern phylogenetic systems based on evolutionary relationships. Key figures who advanced taxonomy included Aristotle, Linnaeus, Haeckel, and Woese, helping to develop taxonomic ranks and group organisms into coherent kingdoms, domains, and phylogenetic trees.

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    113 views19 pages

    Systematics Based On Evolutionary Relationships

    Uploaded by

    sannsann
    Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms based on shared characteristics. Over time, taxonomists have developed various systems of classification, moving from classifying based on observable traits like body structure or habitat to modern phylogenetic systems based on evolutionary relationships. Key figures who advanced taxonomy included Aristotle, Linnaeus, Haeckel, and Woese, helping to develop taxonomic ranks and group organisms into coherent kingdoms, domains, and phylogenetic trees.

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    SYSTEMATICS BASED ON

    EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS
    H
    ISTORY OF
    TAXONOMY
    With the astounding diversity of creatures on
    Earth, we have to find ways to classify them
    properly. Thus, taxonomy was established.
    Taxonomy (from ancient Greek words taxis,
    which means “arrangement,” and nomia, which
    means “method”) is a science that deals with the
    classification of organisms based on shared
    characteristics. This field is sometimes called
    systematics or biosystematics.
    Aristotle
    • Was the first Greek philosopher to classify
    organisms
    • Classified invertebrates and vertebrates as
    animals without blood and with blood,
    respectively
    • Also divided animals based on how they give
    birth (e.g., live-bearing and egg-bearing), and
    grouped invertebrates into insects, crustaceans
    and mollusks.
    Theophrastus
    • Wrote in his book De Historia Plantarum the
    different classification of 480 species of known
    plants.
    • Classified plants based on their growth forms.
    Pedanius Dioscorides
    • A Greek physician who traveled to Rome and
    Greece to gather information about medicinal
    plants.
    • Wrote the book De Materia Medica, which
    contained information on about 600 species
    based on their medicinal properties.
    Gaius Plinius Secundus
    • Wrote many books including Naturalis Historia,
    which is composed of 160 volumes on plants that
    were given Latin names.
    Andrea Cesalpino
    • Wrote De Plantis that showed information on
    1500 plant species, which are classified based on
    growth habits, as well as fruit and seed forms.
    Bauhin Brothers
    • Wrote the book Pinax Theatri Botanici (the word
    pinax means (“register”) which contained
    information on 6000 plant species.
    • Included the synonyms of plant species, which
    gave a semblance of order in the taxonomic
    world.
    • Recognized the genus and the species as major
    taxonomic levels of organisms.
    John Ray
    • Established the species as the ultimate unit of
    Taxonomy
    • Wrote and published the book Methodus
    Plantarum Nova,which contained information on
    18000 plant species as a result of relatively
    narrow species concept.
    • His classification of plants published in the book
    entitled Historia Plantarum was an important
    step toward modern taxonomy.
    Joseph Pitton de Tournefort
    • Published Institutiones Rei Herbariae, which
    consists of information on 9 000 plant species
    listed in 698 genera, based on floral characters.
    Carl Linnaeus
    • Developed binary nomenclature, which is still used
    today by taxonomists
    • Published several books including Species
    Plantarum and the 10th edition of Systema Naturae,
    which were regarded as the starting points of
    modern botanical and zoological taxonomy.
    • Categorized and classified at least 8 000 different
    plants and animals based on their morphological
    characteristics.
    Michel Adanson
    • Wrote the book Families des Plantes, which gave
    an idea that classifying organisms should be based
    on a great range of characteristics.
    Antoine Laurent de Jussieu
    • Changed the system of plant classification with his
    published book Genera Plantarum
    • Established the “family” rank as that between
    “genus” and “class”
    Ernst Haeckel
    • Introduced the three-kingdom scheme by adding
    Kingdom Protista
    Edouard Chatton
    • Coined the term prokaryotes (cells without nucleus)
    and eukaryotes (cells with nucleus)
    Herbert Copeland
    • Established the four-kingdom classification scheme
    Robert Whittaker
    • Introduced the five-kingdom classification by
    introducing Kingdom Fungi
    Carl Woese
    • Introduced Kingdom Arcahebacteria in the
    1970s, which led to the rise of the three-domain
    system two decades later

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