KNS1633 KINETICS

OF PARTICLE:
FORCE &
ACCELERATION
MR. ABDUL AZIM ABDULLAH
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, UNIMAS
CHAPTER OUTLINE
1) Newton’s Law of Motion
2) The Equation of Motion
3) Equation of Motion for a system of
particles
4) Equation of Motion: Rectangular
Coordinates
NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION
First Law: A particle originally at rest, or moving in a
straight line with a constant velocity, will remain in this
state provided the particle is not subjected to an
unbalanced force.

Second Law: A particle acted upon by an unbalanced

force F experiences an acceleration a that has the same
direction as the force and a magnitude that is directly
proportional to the force.

Third Law: The mutual forces of action and reaction

between two particles are equal, opposite and collinear.
NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION
• 1st & 3rd law -> used in developing the concept of
STATICS
• 2nd law -> forms the basis of dynamics study
• 2nd law relates the accelerated motion of a particle to
the forces that act on it
• Mathematical form of the Newton’s 2nd law of
motion:

𝐅=𝑚 𝐚
 
Equation
of Motion
NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION
Newton’s Law of Gravitational Attraction. A law
governing the mutual attractive gravitational force acting
between two particles or bodies.

m1m2
F G 2
r
F = force of attraction between two particles
G = universal constant of gravitation
m1, m2 = mass of each of the two particles
r = distance between the centers of two particles
NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION
Mass and Weight.
• Mass is a property of matter by which we can compare
the response of one body with that of another. It is an
absolute quantity since the measurement can be made at
any location.
• Weight of a body is not absolute since it is measured in a
gravitational field, hence its magnitude depends on the
location measured.

𝑊 =𝑚𝑔
 
NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION
SI System of Units.
• The mass of the body is specified in kilograms
• The weight must be calculated using the equation of
motion, F = ma

W = mg (N)
(g = 9.81 m/s2)
THE EQUATION OF MOTION
• When more than one force acts on a particle, the
resultant force is determined by a vector summation
of all the forces; i.e., FR=ΣF
• The equation of motion may be written as

 F  ma
• Consider particle P of mass m and subjected to the
action of two forces, F1 and F2.
THE EQUATION OF MOTION
• From the free body diagram, the resultant of these forces
produces the vector ma
• Its magnitude and direction can be represented
graphically on the kinetic diagram.

 F  ma
THE EQUATION OF MOTION

Note that if FR = ΣF = 0, then acceleration is zero, so

that the particle will either remain at rest or moves along
a straight line with a constant velocity.
Such a condition is called static equilibrium, Newton’s
First Law of Motion
EQUATION OF MOTION FOR A
SYSTEM OF PARTICLES
• Consider a system of n
particles isolated within an
enclosed region in space
• Arbitrary ith particle having a
mass of mi is subjected to a
system of internal forces
which resultant force is
represented by fi and a
resultant external force Fi
EQUATION OF MOTION FOR A
SYSTEM OF PARTICLES
• The free body diagram for the ith
particle are shown. Applying
equation of motion yields

ΣF = ma; Fi + fi = miai
• If equation of motion is applied to
each of the other particles, these
equations can be added together
vectorially,

ΣFi + Σ fi = Σmiai
EQUATION OF MOTION FOR A
SYSTEM OF PARTICLES
• Since internal forces between particles all occur in
equal but opposite collinear pairs, the summation of
these internal forces will equal zero.

ΣFi = Σmiai
• If rG is a position vector which locates the center of
mass G of the particles, then mrG = Σmiri where m =
Σmi is the total mass of all the particles
• Differentiating twice w.r.t time yields

maG = Σmiai
EQUATION OF MOTION FOR A
SYSTEM OF PARTICLES
Therefore,

ΣF = maG
The sum of the external forces acting on the system of
particles is equal to the total mass of the particles
times the acceleration of its center of mass G
EQUATION OF MOTION:
RECTANGULAR COORDINATES
When a particle is moving relative to an inertial x, y, z
frame of reference, the forces acting on the particle,
and its acceleration may be expressed in term of their i,
j, k components

ΣF = ma
ΣFxi + ΣFyj + ΣFzk =
m(axi + ayj + azk)
EQUATION OF MOTION:
RECTANGULAR COORDINATES
We may write the following three scalar equations:

 Fx  max
 Fy  ma y
 Fz  maz
PROCEDURE FOR
ANALYSIS
Free-Body Diagram
• Select the inertial coordinate system
• Once the coordinates are established, draw the
particle’s free body diagram (FBD). It provides a
graphical representation that accounts for all forces
(ΣF) which acts on the particle, and thereby makes it
possible to resolve these forces into their x, y, z
components.
PROCEDURE FOR
ANALYSIS
• The direction and sense of the particle’s acceleration a
should also be established. If the senses of the
components is unknown, assume that they all are in the
same direction as the positive inertial coordinate axes.
• The acceleration may be represented as the ma vector
on the kinetic diagram.
• Identify the unknowns in the problem.
PROCEDURE FOR
ANALYSIS
Equation of Motion
• If the forces can be resolved directly from the FBD,
apply the equations of motion in their scalar
component form.
• If the geometry of the problem appears complicated,
Cartesian vector analysis can be used for the
solution.
PROCEDURE FOR
ANALYSIS
Friction
If a moving particle contacts a rough surface, it may be
necessary to use the frictional equation, which relates
the coefficient of kinetic friction μk to the magnitudes of
the frictional and normal forces Ff and N acting at the
surfaces of contact
 
𝐹 𝑓 =𝜇 𝑘 𝑁
Ff always acts on the FBD such that it opposes the
motion of the particle relative to the surface it contacts
PROCEDURE FOR
ANALYSIS
Spring
If the particle is connected to an elastic spring having
negligible mass, the spring force Fs can be related to
the deformation of the spring by the equation Fs = ks

 
𝐹 𝑠=𝑘𝑠
k = spring stiffness (force per unit length)
s = stretch or compression (spring deformation)
PROCEDURE FOR
ANALYSIS
Kinematics
• If the velocity or position of the particle is to be found,
it will be necessary to apply the proper kinematics
equations once the particle’s acceleration is
determined from ΣF = ma
• If acceleration is a function of time, use a = dv/dt and
v = ds/dt, which integrated, yield the particle’s
velocity and position.
PROCEDURE FOR
ANALYSIS
• If acceleration is a function of displacement,
integrate a ds = v dv to obtain the velocity as a
function of position.
• If acceleration is constant, use

v  v0  act
1 2
s  s0  v0t  act
2
v  v0  2ac  s  s0 
2 2
PROCEDURE FOR
ANALYSIS
• In all cases, make sure the positive inertial
coordinate directions used for writing the kinematic
equations are the same as those used for writing the
equations of motion, otherwise, simultaneous
solution of the equations will result in errors.
• If the solution for an unknown vector component
yields a negative scalar, it indicates that the
component acts in the direction opposite to that
which is assumed.
EXAMPLE 1
The 50-kg crate rests on a horizontal plane for which
the coefficient of kinetic friction is μk = 0.3. If the crate
is subjected to a 400-N towing force, determine the
velocity of the crate in 3 s starting from rest.
SOLUTION
Free-Body Diagram.
• The weight of the crate is W =
mg = 50 (9.81) = 490.5 N.
• The frictional force has a
magnitude F = μkNC and acts to
the left, since it opposes the
motion of the crate.
• The acceleration a is assumed
to act horizontally, in the positive
x direction.
• There are 2 unknowns, namely
NC and a.
SOLUTION
Equations of Motion.

  Fx  max ; 400 cos 30  0.3 NC  50a
   Fy  ma y ; NC  490.5  400 sin 30  0

Solving for the two equations yields

NC  290.5 N
a  5.19m / s 2
SOLUTION
Kinematics. Acceleration is constant, since the applied
force P is constant. Initial velocity is zero, the velocity of the
crate in 3 s is

v  v0  act
 0  5.19(3)
 15.6m / s 
EXAMPLE 2
A 10-kg projectile is fired vertically
upward from the ground, with an
initial velocity of 50 m/s. Determine
the max height to which it will travel
if
(a) atmospheric resistance is
neglected.
(b) atmospheric resistance is
measured as FD = (0.01v2) N,
where v is the speed at any
instant, measured in m/s
SOLUTION
Part (a) Free-Body Diagram.
The projectile’s weight is W = mg = 10(9.81) = 98.1 N.
Assuming the unknown acceleration a acts upward in the
positive z direction.
Equations of Motion.

 F z  ma z ;
 98.1  10a, a  9.81m / s 2

The results indicates that the

projectile is subjected to a
constant downward
acceleration of 9.81 m/s2
Kinematics.
Initially, z0 = 0 and v0 = 50 m/s. At max height, z = h and v =
0. Since acceleration is constant, then

   v 2  v02  2ac ( z  z0 )
0  (50) 2  2(9.81)( h  0)
h  127m
Part (b) Free-Body Diagram.
Since the force FD = (0.01v2) N tends to retard the upward
motion of the projectile, it acts downward as shown

Equations of Motion.

 F z  ma z ;
 0.01v 2  98.1  10a,
a  0.001v 2  9.81m / s 2
Kinematics.
Here the acceleration is not constant since FD depends on
the velocity. Since a = f(v), we relate a to position using

   a dz  v dv; (0.001v 2  9.81)dz  v dv

Integrating with initially z0 = 0, v0 = 50 m/s (positive

upward), and at z = h, v = 0

h 0 v dv 0
0 dz  50 0.001v2  9.81  500 ln(v
2
 9810)
50
h  114 m
EXAMPLE 3
The baggage truck A has a weight of 3600 N and tows a
2200 N cart B and a 1300 N cart C. For a short time the
driving frictional force developed at the wheels is FA =
(160t) N where t is in seconds. If the truck starts from rest,
determine its speed in 2 seconds. What is the horizontal
force acting on the coupling between the truck and cart B at
this instant?
SOLUTION

Free-Body Diagram.
As shown, it is the frictional driving force that gives both the
truck and carts an acceleration, we have to consider all 3
vehicles.
Equations of Motion.
Only motion in the horizontal direction has to be considered.
 3600  2200  1300 

  Fx  max ; 160t  
 9.81
a

a  0.221t
Kinematics.
Since the acceleration is a function of time, the velocity of
the truck is obtained using a = dv/dt with the initial condition
that v0 = 0 at t = 0,

v 2 22
0 dv  0 (0.221t ) dt; v  0.1105t
0
 0.442m / s
Free-Body Diagram.
Considering the FBD of the truck, we can “expose” the
coupling force T as external to the FBD.

Equations of Motion. When t = 2 s, then

 3600 

  Fx  max ; 160(2)  T    0.221(2)
 9.81 
T  157.8 N
EXAMPLE 4
A smooth 2-kg collar C is
attached to a spring having a
stiffness k = 3 N/m and an
unstretched length of 0.75 m.
If the collar is released from
rest at A, determine its
acceleration and normal force
of the rod on the collar at the
instant y = 1 m.
SOLUTION
Free-Body Diagram.
• FBD of the collar when located at the arbitrary position y
• The weight is W = 2(9.81) = 19.62 N.
• The collar is assumed to be accelerating so that “a” acts
downward in the positive y direction.
• There are four unknown, namely, NC, Fs, a and θ.
Equations of Motion.


  Fx  max ;  NC  Fs cos  0
   Fy  ma y ; 19.62  Fs sin   2a

The magnitude of the spring force is a function of the

stretch s of the spring; i.e. Fs = ks. The unstretched length
is AB = 0.75m. Therefore

s  CB  AB  3( y 2  (0.75) 2  0.75)
Since k = 3 N/m,

Fs  ks  3( y 2  (0.75) 2  0.75)

The angle θ is related to y by trigonometry

y
tan  
0.75

For y = 1 m, θ = 53.1 and Fs = 1.50 N.

Therefore, NC = 0.900 N and a = 9.21 m/s2
EXAMPLE 5
The 100-kg block A is
released from rest. If the
masses of the pulleys and
the cord are neglected,
determine the speed of the
20-kg block B in 2 s.
 SOLUTION
Free-Body Diagrams.
Since mass of the pulleys is neglected,
then for pulley C, ma = 0 and we can
apply ΣFy = 0 as shown in (b).
The FBD for blocks A and B are shown
in (c) and (d) respectively.
It can be seen that T = 490.5 N for A to
be static and T = 196.2 N for B to be
static.
We will assume both blocks accelerate
downward, in the direction of +sA and
+sB
Equations of Motion.
Block A:

  Fy  ma y ; 981  2T  100a A

Block B:

  Fy  ma y ; 196.2  T  20aB

There are 3 unknowns aA, aB and T

Need to find 1 more eqns which relates aA and aB in order to
solve this problem
Kinematics.
From the FBD, we found that

2 s A  sB  l
where l is constant and represents the total vertical length of
cord.
Differentiating this expression twice w.r.t time yield

2a A   aB
Solving the three equations yields

T  327.0 N
2
a A  3.27m / s
2
aB  6.54m / s
Hence when block A accelerates downward, block B
accelerates upward.
Since aB is constant, velocity in block B in 2 s is

v  v0  aBt  13.1m / s
THANK YOU