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    Lecture 1

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    Lecture 1

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    Lecture 1

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    Mechanics

    Mechanics is the branch of science concerned with the


    behavior of physical bodies when subjected to forces or
    displacements, and the subsequent effects of the bodies on
    their environment.

    Mechanics is divided into three branches as

    •Rigid Body Mechanics


    •Deformable Body Mechanics
    •Fluid Mechanics
    Mechanics

    Statics is the branch of rigid body mechanics that is


    concerned with the analysis of loads on physical systems in
    static equilibrium, that is, in a state where the relative
    positions of subsystems do not vary over time, or where
    components and structures are at a constant velocity.

    Dynamics is a branch of mechanics concerned with the


    study of loads and their effect on motion.
    Fundamental Concepts

    Space - associated with the notion of the position of a point


    P given in terms of three coordinates measured from a
    reference point or origin.

    Length used to define the position and size of a physical


    system

    Time - definition of an event requires specification of the


    time and position at which it occurred.

    Mass - used to characterize and compare bodies, e.g.,


    response to earth’s gravitational attraction and resistance
    to changes in translational motion.
    Fundamental Concepts
    Force - represents the action of one body on another. A force is
    characterized by its point of application, magnitude, and
    direction, i.e., a force is a vector quantity.

    In Newtonian Mechanics, space, time, and mass are absolute


    concepts, independent of each other. Force, however, is not
    independent of the other three. The force acting on a body is
    related to the mass of the body and the variation of its velocity
    with time.
    Mass and Weight
    The mass m of a body is an absolute quantity that is
    independent of the position of the body and independent of
    the surroundings in which the body is placed .

    The weight W of the body is the gravitational attraction


    excreted on the body by the earth or by any other massive
    body such as the moon. Therefore the weight of the body
    depends on the position of the body relative to some other
    body.

    Weight obtained from Newton’s law of gravitational attraction


    Mass and Weight
    me m me is the mass of the earth
    W  g 2  mg re
    re is the mean radius of the earth

    W  mg ( force)

    me
    g G 2 is the gravitational acceleration .
    re
    m
    g  9.81 2
    s
    ft
    g  32.2 2
    s
    G=universal constant for gravitation from experiments
    m3
    G  66.73  10 12
    kgs 2
    Newton’s Laws

    Newton’s First Law:

    A particle originally at rest, or moving in a straight line with


    constant velocity will remain in the state provided the particle is
    not subjected to an unbalanced force.

    Newton’s Third Law:

    For every action of a particle on another ,there is a reaction


    equal in magnitude and opposite in sense acting along the same
    line of the action .
    F2  F 1
    F  F2  F 1
    F  ma

    Newton’s Laws

    Newton’s Second Law:

    A particle acted upon by an unbalanced force F experiences an


    acceleration a that has the same direction as the force and a
    magnitude that is directly proportional to the force. If F is applied
    to a particle of mass m, this law may be expressed
    mathematically as:

    F2  F 1
    F  F2  F 1 F1 m F2
    F  ma
    Units of Measurement

    Note that Newton’s second law of motion relates all the four basic
    quantities of length, time, mass, and force

    F  ma
    Therefore, their units are also related. In fact, by selecting three of
    the units arbitrarily, the fourth can be derived.
     lb
    kg**sm2 
     
     sft 
    2

    International system of units

    Unit Length Time Mass Force


    system
    SI Meter Second Kilogram Newton (N)
    Internation (m) (s) (Kg) (Derived
    al system unit)
    of units
    FPS Foot Second Slug Pound
    US units (ft) (s) (Derived (lb)
    unit)
    Measurement Systems and Units
    Measurement Systems and Units

    psf
    psi

    1 kip=1000 lb
    General procedures for analysis in static’s
    • Read the problem very carefully

    • Draw the necessary diagrams

    • Apply relevant principles

    • Solve necessary equations. Pay special attention


    to the units being used.

    • Verify the obtained answer.


    Example1-1
    Convert 2 km/h to m/s. How many ft/s is this?

    Solution:

    Since 1 km =1000m and 1 h =3600s, the factors of conversion are


    arranged in the following order, so that a cancellation of units can
    be applied
    From table 1-2 ft= .3048 m thus

    2km  1000m  1h 
    2km / h     .556m / s  0.556m * 1 ft
    h  km  3600s  s 0.3048m
    2000m  1.82 ft / s
      0.566m / s
    3600 s
    Force Vectors
    Force Vectors
    2.1 Scalars and vectors
    Physical quantities are expressed by means of scalars and
    vectors.

    Scalar: A quantity characterized by a positive or a negative


    number.

    Examples: mass, volume, length, etc

    Vector: a quantity that has:


    • A magnitude
    •A direction, and
    •A directional sense

    Examples: position, force, and moment vectors.


    r
    A

    Force Vectors
    Geometrically, a vector is represented by an arrow in the following
    manner:

    •The length of the arrow represents the magnitude of the vector


    •The angle , between a reference axis and the line of the arrow
    represents the direction and Line of
    •The arrow head represents the sense Action

    Head

    Tail θ Reference Axis

    The vector is denoted as A or A


    The magnitude of A is given by |A |
    Force

    Point of Application: B
    Line of Action : AB
    Direction: From A to B (down)
    Magnitude : W
    Vector Operations
    Multiplication or Division by a Scalar
    It only affects the magnitude of the vector.
    Vector Addition
    Parallelogram / Triangle Rule for Vector Addition
    Vector Operations
    Law of Cosines

    Law of Sines

    Vector Addition is Commutative


    Vector Operations

    Trapezoidal Rule for Vector Addition


    Vector Operations
    Vector Subtraction

    It is essentially vector addition with the reverse


    direction of the negative vector.
    Resultants / Components
    Concurrent forces: set of forces which all pass through the same
    point. A set of concurrent forces applied to a particle may be
    replaced by a single resultant force which is the vector sum of the
    applied forces.

    Vector force components: two or more force vectors which,


    together, have the same effect as a single force vector.
    Example 1

    Two solutions;

    Graphical solution - construct a


    parallelogram with sides in the same
    direction as P and Q and lengths in
    proportion. Graphically evaluate the
    resultant which is equivalent in direction
    and proportional in magnitude to the the
    diagonal.

    Trigonometric solution - use the triangle


    rule for vector addition in conjunction with
    the law of cosines and law of sines to find
    the resultant.
    Solution
    Law of Cosines
    Solution
    Law of Sines
    Example 2
    Solution 2
    Solution 2
    Rectangular Components of a Force

    May resolve a force vector into perpendicular components


    so that the resulting parallelogram is a rectangle. and
    are referred to as rectangular vector components and

    Define perpendicular unit vectors and which are


    parallel to the x and y axes.

    Vector components may be expressed as products of the unit


    vectors with the scalar magnitudes of the vector components.
    Addition of Forces by Summing Components
    Example 3

    Find the resultant force


    Solution 3
    Example 4
    Find the resultant force
    Solution 4
    Rectangular Components in Space
    Rectangular Components in Space
    Position Vectors
    Example 5
    Determine the magnitude and the direction of the position vector extending
    from A to B

    Z B

    Point coordinates:
    2m A: (1,0,-3)
    B: (-2,2,3)
    2m

    3m

    A 1m
    Example 5

     3
      cos 1    115
    0

     7 
    2
      cos 1    73.4 0
    7
    6
      cos 1    31.0 0
    7
     ,  ,
    Example
    Equilibrium of a Particle

    A particle is in equilibrium if “It is at rest and originally at rest has a constant


    velocity and originally in motion”

    The term static equilibrium is used to describe an object at rest

    To maintain equilibrium an object must satisfy Newton’s fist law of motion:

    Resultant of forces acting on a particle is Zero


    Equilibrium of a Particle
    Free Body Diagram vs Space Diagram
    A free body diagram is a sketch of a particle, which represents it as being isolated
    “free” from its surroundings.
    Procedure for Drawing FBD
    To account for all forces, it is very important to draw a free body diagram before applying
    the equation of equilibrium

    use the following steps:

    Imagine the particle to be isolated and draw or sketch its outlined shape
    Indicate on the sketch all the forces that act on the particle.

    There are 2 types of forces:

    Active forces: tend to set the particle in motion .eg; Weight, magnetic field
    interaction etc
    Relative forces: Tend to prevent motion usually caused by restraint or supports

    Label known forces with there magnitude and direction

    Label unknown forces with letters

    Assume the sense of unknown forces: if after solving a negative magnitude is found
    then the force is acting in the opposite of the assumed sense
    Example
    Equilibrium of a Particle in 3D

    z
    Example
    C

    The 25-kg flowerpot is supported


    at A by the three cords . Determine
    600 B the forces acting in each cord of
    300 equilibrium
    D 300

    Y
    A

    FAD  FAD (sin 30 0 i  cos 30 0 sin 60 0 j  cos 30 0 cos 60 0 k )


     0.5 FAD i  0.75FAD j  0.433FAD k
    FAC  FAC ( sin 30 0 i  cos 30 0 sin 60 0 j  cos 30 0 cos 60 0 k )
     0.5FAC i  0.75 FAC j  0.4330 FAC k
    FAB  FAB (sin 45 0 j  cos 45 0 k )  0.707 FAB j  0.7071FAB k
    F  25(9.81)k   245.25k N
    F  0
    FAD  FAB  FAC  F  0
    (0.5 FAD i  0.75 FAD j  0.4330 FAD k )  (0.707 FAB j  0.707 FAB k ) 
    (0.5 FAC i  0.75 FAC j  0.4330 FAC k )  (245.25k )  0
    (0.5 FAD  0.5FAC )i  (0.75 FAD  0.7071FAB  0.75 F AC ) j
     (0.4330 FAD  0.7071FAB  0.4330 FAC  245.25)k  0

    F X 0
    0.5 FAD  0.5 FAc  0 FAD  FAC  104 N
    F y 0 FAB  220 N
     0.75FAD  0.7070 FAB  0.75FAC  0
    F Z 0
    0.4330 FAD  0.7071FAB  0.4333FAC  245.25  0

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