DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IN HUMAN

- JAGRITY KUMARI SINGH

Introduction:

FOOD ?

Food is a kind of “fuel” as well as a kind of building material for all living organisms.

Food provides our body with:

Energy to do work.

Nutrients for the growth and repair of damaged cells and growth.

Materials for keeping us healthy and disease – free.

The food which provides us with all the necessary substances is known as nutritious food.
NUTRITION

 
What is nutrients?

 
A nutrient can be defined as “a constituent of food that helps one way or the other way in the body’s function”.

 
Types of Nutrients –


Carbohydrates – ( like rice, potato and sugarcane )


Proteins – ( like pulses, milk, egg, etc. )


Fats – ( like ghee, oil and butter )


Minerals – ( iron, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, etc. )


Vitamins – ( found in fruits and vegetables. )

macronutrients and micronutrients :

Carbohydrates, fats and proteins are macronutrients.

Minerals and vitamins are micronutrients.

CONT…………..

NUTRITION :
The process by which all organism obtain or synthesize their food and convert it into
simpler substances, so that it can be absorbed and utilized by the cells of the body.

Process of nutrition: the whole process of nutrition in humans is conducted in five steps.
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Assimilation and
Egestion
DIGESTIVE SYSYTEM

Try them yourself with the parrot on the right:

CONT………..

The different organs of the digestive system are as follows:

Alimentary canal - It consists of mouth ( with teeth and tongue ), esophagus,

stomach, intestine, large intestine and rectum.

Digestive glands – It consists of salivary gland, liver and pancreas.

DIGESTION:

Digestion is a process by which the complex chemical compounds present in

the food are broken down into simpler substances that ae readily absorbed ad
utilized by the body.
1. MOUTH
Mouth consists of upper and lower lips.

Inside the mouth, the teeth and the tongue are

present. Food is taken through the mouth . This
is called ingestion.

Teeth:
The food is broken down into smaller pieces or
chewed by the teeth.
https://youtu.be/ZE-TtFhZlDw
CONT…………

Types of teeth –

Based on their different shapes and functions, human

teeth are of four kinds.

1. Incisors – front 4 teeth, chisel shape

2. Canines – 1 on either side of the incisors, pointed shape

3. Premolars – 2 on each side of canines, broad shape

4. Molars – last 3 teeth on each jaw, broad uneven shape

Wisdom teeth – last molar on each side, appears at the

age of 17-20 yrs. Milk teeth – consists of 28 teeth. Adult
has 32 teeth in all, 16 in each jaw.
Activity 1 – To identify and study different types of teeth in a human jaw.

 Stand against a mirror fitted on a wall. Wide open your mouth, and observe your teeth .

 Observe teeth in the upper jaw.

 The front 4 teeth are chisel shaped. These are the incisors meant for cutting and biting.
 Look at one teeth on either side of the incisors in each jaw. Observe and note their shape. Are they pointed? Yes / No…… These teeth are known as canines.
These are meant for tearing the food.
 Observe 2 teeth on either side of canines and note their shape. These teeth are premolars and these are meant for crushing and grinding of the food.
 Observe teeth behind the premolars. These are again broad in shape with an uneven flat surface. These are also meant for fine grinding and crushing the
food. These are molars.
 count the number of teeth in one half of each jaw:

Upper jaw,

incisor = …………….. , canines = ……………… , premolars = ………………. , molars = …………………….

Lower jaw,
Incisor = …………..... , canines = ……………... , premolars = ……………….. , molars = …………………….
Tongue :

Tongue is a fleshy muscular organ.

Functions :

• Helps in tasting the food.

• Helps in mixing the watery secretion ( saliva)

with the food.

• Manipulates the food while chewing.

• Helps in swallowing the food.

https://youtu.be/SneTFJc7u7Y
Activity 2 – To locate the different types of taste buds on the tongue.

 Take the following solutions separately in four

different test tubes/container. (a) Sugar solution, (b) Salt
solution, (c)lemon solution and (d) crushed neem leaf.

 Blindfold one of your classmates/friends and ask her/him to

take out the tongue and keep it in straight and flat position.

 Take clean toothpicks to put the above sample one by one on

different areas of the tongue as shown in figure. Use a new
toothpick for each sample.

 Ask classmates/friends which areas of the tongue could detect

the sweet, salty, sour and bitter substances.
The Salivary Glands :

It is responsible for secretion of saliva.

Three pairs of salivary glands – one below the

tongue, second at the base of the ear, and third on the
inner side of the angles of the lower jaws.

Saliva contains an enzyme called amylase which

converts starch into maltose.

Salivary
Starch Sugar
Amylase (maltose)
Activity 3 -

Stand in front of a mirror. Open your mouth and lift the tongue upwards. Look at the two tiny opening below the
tongue. You can see the watery fluid oozing out from these apertures. This is the saliva.

FUNCTIONS OF SALIVA :

• It moistens and lubricates the mouth cavity and the tongue to make speaking and swallowing easy.

• It cleans the mouth and destroys germs.

• Make bolus.

• Digestion begins in the mouth. Saliva contains enzyme (amylase) which helps in the breakdown of starch to
simpler sugars ( = maltose).
ASSIGNMENT :

1. Draw well labeled diagram of human teeth.

 
2. THE ESOPHAGUS (FOOD PIPE)

It is a long and narrow tube.

Food moves down the esophagus by

peristalsis.

No digestion occurs in the esophagus.

Peristalsis is a slow wave like movement which

occurs throughout the canal. This movement
enables the food to be pushed downward.
3. THE STOMACH

The stomach is a big muscular elastic bag.

It also contains glands called gastric glands which secrete gastric juice, mixture of stomach acid (hydrochloric acid) ,
mucus, and an enzyme Pepsin.

The acid kills off any invading germ like bacteria or viruses.
Pepsin converts proteins into a simpler compound called peptones.

Proteins Pepsin Peptones

The protein casein present in the milk is converted into curd by the help of another
enzyme, the rennin.

Casein Rennin
Curd

For 3 – 4 hours or more, stomach churns the food thoroughly along with the digestive juices and
changes it into pulp-like thick paste called chyme.
4. THE SMALL INTESTINE

The chyme moves into the first part of the small intestine.

The small intestine is a long coiled tube of about 7 metres.

The food remain in the small intestine for digestion and
absorption.

90% of the absorption takes place in the intestine.

• Duodenum – the upper ‘U’ shaped part of the small

intestine, continuing from the stomach. (1st part)

• Jejunum – (2nd part)

• Ileum – last portion of the small intestine. (3rd part)

CONT…………

Duodenum receives a common

duct that bring secretions from

both the liver called bile juice

and the pancreas called

pancreatic juice.
THE LIVER

Liver is reddish brown in color. It is the largest gland

in the body situated on the right side of the body.

Liver produces a greenish yellow fluid – the bile

juice which is stored in the gall bladder.

Bile juice breaks down fats into tiny droplets and this
process is called emulsification.
 ACTIVITY 4:

Pour some cooking oil (which is just a kind of fat ) into a bowl of water.

Notice that there are large globs of oil floating on the water.

Now, use a fork to whisk the oil a bit in the bowl.

Do you see that the drops of oil are smaller?

Now add some liquid dishwashing soap and whisk the oil, water, and soap together.

Let the bowl sit for a while and come back every now and then to check on it.

Once all the bubbles are gone, notice the difference.

You will see a lot of very tiny drops of oil now, because the soap acted like bile, breaking the fat into tiny clumps that
are much smaller than they were before.
PANCREAS

Another organ used for digestion is pancreas. It is

large, whitish, leaf shaped gland. Starch
Pancreatic
Maltose
Amylase
It secretes pancreatic juice. The pancreatic juice
contains enzymes namely amylase, trypsin and lipase Trypsin
which helps in the digestion of carbohydrates, Proteins Peptones Peptides
proteins, and fats respectively.

• Amylase acts on the starch converting it into Lipase

Emulsified fats Fatty acids and glycerol
maltose.

• Trypsin converts proteins and peptones into

peptides.

• Lipase converts emulsified fats into fatty acids and

glycerol.
CONT……….

Jejunum – no digestion takes place here.

The semi-digested food enters the last part of the small intestine called ileum. The ileum is a long, narrow, coiled tube.
It contains gland called intestinal glands which produce “intestinal juice”. This contains enzymes like erepsin, maltase,
sucrase, lactase and lipase.

Peptides Erepsin Amino acids

Maltose Maltase Glucose

Sucrose Sucrase Glucose and fructose

Lactose Lactase Glucose and galactose

Lipase
Emulsified fats Fatty acid and glycerol

As a result of the action of the enzymes, food is completely digested in the ileum.
CONT………

ABSORPTION OF THE DIGESTED FOOD

IN SMALL INTESTINE

Tiny finger–like projections present in the

small intestine called – villi.

The surface of the villi absorbs the amino acids

and glucose to pass them into the blood system,
whereas the fatty acids pass into special tubes
called lymph vessels. Vitamins and mineral
salts are directly absorbed through the walls of
the intestine.
https://youtu.be/d082RVFdLi4
ASSIGNMENT

Write down the enzymes produced by different organs/glands and write functions of each.

Organ/Gland Enzyme Function

5. THE LARGE INTESTINE

Large intestine is about 1.5 metre long and consists

of 3 regions : the caecum, the colon and the rectum.
DUODENUM

It absorbs water from the undigested food. After

absorption of water, the undigested waste matter
reaches the rectum is semi-solid.

JEJUNUM
Rectum is the last part (15 cm long). It stores the COLON
undigested waste matter called faeces ( the waste COLON
material that we evacuate in the toilet).
CAECUM ILEUM
Rectum opens to the anus. It has circular muscle
called sphincter to keep it closed. When this muscle
APPENDIX RECTUM
relaxes, the anus open to eliminate the faeces.
ANUS

The process of eliminating the undigested food

through the anus is called egestion.
ASSIMILATION

Assimilation is the utilization of the digested food or nutrients by the body cells.

• Glucose – end product of carbohydrate digestion is required to release energy for cell activities.

• Amino acids – end products of protein digestion are used for growth, repairing worn out cells and tissues.

• Fatty acids and glycerol – end product of fat digestion acts as reserves of energy and are stored for further
use.
TRUE FALSE
•The system of the human body associated with eating is the digestive system?

•Digestion begins in your stomach.

•The digestive system works to break down food into smaller molecules to provide us with energy, help our bodies grow.

•Your liver, pancreas and gall bladder are not parts of your digestive system.

•Pepsin converts fats into small tiny droplets.

•Gall bladder store bile juice.

•Saliva changes starch into maltose.

•The duct from the salivary glands open into the duodenum.

•Lipase converts emulsified fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

•villi absorbs the amino acids and glucose to pass them into the blood system.
https://youtu.be/zr4onA2k_LY

Kahoot quiz.
ASSIGNMENT

Draw a well-labeled diagram of the human digestive system.

STRUCTURE OF A TOOTH

The tooth has three parts :- crown, neck and root.

Crown (top portion of the tooth).
Enamel (hard layer which surrounds crown).
Dentine (bone–like hard substance just below the enamel).

Dentine has a hollow space filled with a soft material called the
pulp.

The neck is the single constriction between the root and the
crown.

The root is the lower part of the tooth which is fixed in the jaw
and is surrounded by cement.
CONT…..

THE ACHING TOOTH

PLAQUE - Plaque is a sticky, colorless or pale yellow film that is

constantly forming on your teeth. It contains bacteria - forms between
your teeth and along the gum line.

CARIES - The acid produced by the bacteria slowly corrodes the

enamel of the teeth and forms cavities know as caries.

The bacteria enter through these caries and start infecting the tooth
pulp. This causes toothache and foul smell too.
CARE OF THE TEETH

USE PADLET TO GIVE ANSWERS

CONT……..

1. One should brush one’s teeth and gums twice a day.

2. We must rinse our mouth after each meal. Very hot and
very cold things should be avoided.

3. Chocolates and sweets promote the growth of bacteria in

the teeth. Extra care should be taken to rinse the mouth
after eating too much of sweets or chocolates.

4. Visit your dentist routinely for a checkup and cleaning. Tell

the dentist about any medical conditions you have and
medications you take.

5. Eat a well-balanced diet.

ASSIGNMENT

1. Draw a well labelled diagram of structure of teeth.

2. How to keep our teeth healthy and strong? Write 5 points.