Chapter 1 Presentation

Bahir Dar Univeristy
School of Civil and Water Resource Engineering
Surveying I (CEng 1120) - 4 CP

Definition of Surveying
Surveying :
is an art of determining ( measuring) the
relative position of an features (natural or
man-made) on or beneath the earth surface
by using different instruments & methods.
These features may be represented in

analogue form as a contoured map, plan or
chart, or in digital form such as a digital
ground model (DGM).
Application of Surveying
In engineering surveying, either or both of
the above formats may be used for planning,
design and construction of works, both on
the surface and underground.
Surveying techniques are also used for
dimensional control or setting out of
designed constructional elements and also
for monitoring deformation movements
Classification of surveying
Plane surveying :-
This is a kind of surveying in which the earths
surface is assumed to be plane. i.e. the curvature.
of the earth is ignored.
 This surveying extends small area when is up to
260 km2 (250 km2).
Geometry and trigonometry is required here.
These are mostly used in any engineering work
Geodetic Surveying:-
This kind of surveying consider the
curvature of the earth (considering the earth
as spherical) while taking measurements on
the earths surface.
This kinds of surveying covers large portion

of project area.
Other classification
Classified according to Classified according to
their field: their purpose:
Topographical Engineering
Surveying Surveying
Cadastral Surveying Military Survey
City Surveying Mine Survey
Hydrographic survey Geological Survey
Astronomical survey Archeological Survey
Classification based on instruments
1. Chain Surveying
2. Compass Surveying (Compass, Tape)
3. Plane table Surveying
4. Theodolite Surveying (Theodolite, Tape)
5. Tacheometer Surveying (Tacheometer
Only)
6. Triangulation Surveying.
7. Photogrammetric Surveying.
Plan, Map, Topographical Map
Plan
Representation of features on earth surface as projected on horizontal
plane.
Not necessary shows geographical position of the globe.
Map
Representation of earth surface on small scale.
Shows geographical position of globe.
The topography of terrain is showed by means of contours.
Standard symbols are used to give sufficient information and scale is
too Small.
Topographical Map
Large scale to enable the individual features shown on the map to be
identified on the ground by their shapes and positions.
Stages of surveying works
Planning, analysis and decision: method, instrument,
time planning
Care and adjustment of instrument: appropriate
handling
Field works: involving the capture and storage of field
data
Office works: data processing, drafting, computing
and designing
Setting out work: marking the required points
according to the design on the field.
Units of measurement
Linear
m, cm, mm, ft, in…. 1 m = 100 cm =1000 mm =
(1/0.3048) ft =
(100/2.54) in
Angular
 Sexagestimal : degree, minute, seconds
 Centesimal: gon, centigon, miligon 1 = (10/9) gon =
 Radian:  rad = 180 = 200 gon (/180) rad
Reference System
is the complete conceptual definition of how a
coordinate system is formed. It defines the origin
and the orientation of fundamental planes or axes
of the system.
Ellipsoid, Geoid
The physical shape of the real Earth is closely approximated
by the mathematical surface of the rotational ellipsoid.
The ellipsoidal surface is smooth and convenient for
mathematical operations. This is why the ellipsoid is widely
used as the reference surface for horizontal coordinates in
geodetic networks. Examples: WGS 84, Clarke 1880
On the other hand, the ellipsoid is much less suitable as a
reference surface for vertical coordinates (heights). Instead,
the geoid is used. It is defined as that level surface of the
gravity field which best fits the mean sea level, and may
extend inside the solid body of Earth
Relation between Geoid and Ellipsoid
Types of coordinates
3D Cartesian Coordinates system
Plane coordinate
Y
Origin X
2D - Polar
Y
Origin X
Geodetic Coordinate System
Scale of the map
Engineer’s scale : 1 cm = 100 m
Fractional scale : 1:20000
Graphical scale:
END

Chapter 1 Presentation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 1 Presentation

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 1 Presentation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bahir Dar Univeristy

School of Civil and Water Resource Engineering

Surveying I (CEng 1120) - 4 CP

These features may be represented in

This kinds of surveying covers large portion

Fractional scale : 1:20000

You might also like