Embryology l1

Medical embryology
Basrah university/ college of medicine

Department of human anatomy
OBJECTIVES
 Concept of Medical Embryology
 Values & significances of studying medical

Embryology.
 Somatic cells, Germ cells, Gamete ( Sex cell ),

Zygote & Gametogenesis..
Medical Embryology
Embryology: Developmental
process From a single cell to a
baby in 9 months that represents
an amazing integration of
increasingly complex phenomena.
The field includes investigations
of the molecular, cellular, and
structural factors contributing to
the formation of an organism.
Values & significances of studying medical Embryology
1-It’s necessary for proper understanding of anatomy. It explains

certain relations which are seen in the body of adult person.
2-It’s important for the study of histology. It explains how different

tissues and organs develop from a single cell (zygote) , after cell
differentiation.
3- It’s important for study of pathology, sometime, result of

embryonic development leads to formation of congenital
abnormalities.
4.Thus it provides knowledge essential for creating health care

strategies for better reproductive outcomes.
General Embryology
The embryonic period, or period of
.
organogenesis, occurs from the 3rd
to the 8th weeks of development and is the
time when each of three germ layers (
ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm) gives
rise to a number of specific tissues & organs.
The fetal period is period from the
beginning of the 9th weeks to birth. It is
characterized by maturation of tissues &
organs with rapid growth of the body.
Somatic cell
A somatic cell is any cell of the

body except sperm and
egg cells. Somatic cells are
diploid, meaning that they
contain two sets of
chromosomes, one inherited
from each parent.
Germ cells
Reproductive cells located only in

the gonads. It contains half the
number of chromosomes (23N )
of a somatic cell and able to
unite with one from the opposite
sex to form a new individual; a
gamete (46 N)
Gamete ( Sex cell )
Female gametes are called ova

or egg cells.
Male gametes are called
sperm.
Gametes are haploid cells, and
each cell carries only one copy
of each chromosome (23
Chromosomes).
Primordial germ cells ( PGC)
Specialized cells that are precursors of

gametes . It develops at second week and
start to migrate from yolk sac toward the
developing gonad and reach it by the end
of 5th week . It undergoes mitoses to
increase the number and then meiosis to
complete its maturation to sperm or eggs
that generate a new organism upon
fertilization.
Primordial germ cells ( PGC)
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are induced in the embryonic epiblast,

before migrating to the gonads
Primordial Germ cell teratoma
An embryonic carcinoma consist

of a combination of the tissues
from all three blastodermic
layers (ectoderm,mesoderm and
endoderm) as hair, bone,
muscles, gut.
Zygote
A zygote is the union of the sperm

cell and the egg cell. Also known as
a fertilized ovum,
the zygote begins as a single cell
but divides rapidly in the days
following fertilization.
The zygote eventually becomes an
embryo.
Yolk sac
The yolk sac is a small, membranous
structure situated outside of the
embryo that has a variety of functions
during embryonic development. It
attaches ventrally to the developing
embryo via the yolk stalk.
Before the placenta is formed, the yolk
sac provides nutrition and gas exchange
between the mother and the developing
embryo.
Gametogenesis
Gametogenesis is the
series of events that leads
to the production of haploid
gamete from diploid cells.
Gametogenesis
Spermatogenesis is the
production of sperm in the male
testes .
Oogenesis is the production of

ova within the ovaries.
Gametogenesis
They migrate to a structure

known as gonadal ridge.
These migrating cells are
known as gonocytes.
Gametogenesis
- At their arrival on the

ridge, they become
surrounded by the cells on
the ridge and the change
the appearance on the
ridge based on their
contents.
Gametogenesis
- During the time of migration

and after arrival at the ridge,
the PGC undergoes mitotic to
increase its number and divisions
to produce sperm or ovum.
Gametogenesis
• Is the process of formation of gametes from germ cells in the testes

and ovaries.
• Male & female germ cells have the same origin, primordial germ cells
Oogenesis
• Is the process where by oogonia differentiate into mature oocytes. Prenatal

oogenesis occurs during embryonic development before birth. Postnatal
oogenesis occurs after birth.
Oogenesis
• By the end of the 3rd month, the majority of

the oogonia continue to divide by mitosis, but some
of them give rise to primary oocytes that enter
prophase of the first meiotic division.
Oogenesis
• By the 5th month of prenatal development,

the germ cells in the ovary reaches its maximum ( 7 million).
• By the month,
the majority of oogonia have degenerated and all
surviving primary oocytes have entered prophase
of meiosis I, and most of them are individually
surrounded by a layer of flat epithelial cells
(primordial follicle).
Maturation of the oocytes
- At birth and during childhood
 Near the time of birth, all primary oocytes have started prophase of meiosis I,
but instead of proceeding into metaphase, they enter the diplotene stage , a
resting stage during prophase.
 The total number of primary oocytes at birth is estimated to vary from 700,000
to two million remain.
 During childhood, most oocytes become atretic.
 Only approximately 400,000 are present by the beginning of puberty, and

fewer than 500 will be ovulated.
- At puberty
• Each month, 15 to 20 follicles begin to mature and passing through

three stages:
(1) Primary (Preantal).
(2) Secondary (Antral).
(3) Tertiary or mature vesicular or Graafian follicle (Preovulatory).
• Under normal conditions, only one of these follicles reaches full

maturity and the others degenerate and become atretic.
- Unilaminar Primary Follicle
• Primary oocyte
(The total number of primary oocytes at birth
is estimated to vary from 600,000 - 800,000).
• Surrounded by a layer of cuboidal follicular

epithelium cells.
• Beginning of zona pellucida

- Multilaminar Primary Follicle

• The follicular cells change from flat epithelial
to cuboidal and proliferate to several layers
called granulosa layer.
• Zona pellucida.
- Secondary (Antral) Follicles

• Fluid – filled spaces appear between the granulosa cells. coalescence of
these spaces form the antrum which is crescent shaped, but with time it
enlarges.
• The follicle is surrounded by:
1. Theca Interna.
2. Theca Externa.
- Tertiary Follicle
Granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte form the cumulus

oophorus.
Maturation of the oocyte
• Meiosis I is completed, resulting in
formation of two daughter cells of
unequal size, each with 23 double-
structured chromosomes. One cell,
the secondary oocyte, receives most
of the cytoplasm; the other, the first
polar body, receives practically
none.
• The cell then enters meiosis II but

arrests in metaphase approximately
3 hours before ovulation.
Ovulation
• With onset of puberty and under the hormonal
control the Ovarian Cycle will start.
• The oocyte, in the metaphase of meiosis II, is
discharged from ovary together with a large
number of cumulus oophorus cells.
• Some of the cumulus oophorus cells then
rearrange themselves around the zona
pellucida to form the corona radiata
• Meiosis II is completed only if the oocyte is
fertilized; otherwise, the cell degenerates
approximately 24 hours after ovulation.
• The first polar body may undergo a
second division.

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Medical embryology

Basrah university/ college of medicine

 Concept of Medical Embryology

 Values & significances of studying medical

 Somatic cells, Germ cells, Gamete ( Sex cell ),

1-It’s necessary for proper understanding of anatomy. It explains

2-It’s important for the study of histology. It explains how different

3- It’s important for study of pathology, sometime, result of

4.Thus it provides knowledge essential for creating health care

A somatic cell is any cell of the

Reproductive cells located only in

Female gametes are called ova

Specialized cells that are precursors of

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are induced in the embryonic epiblast,

An embryonic carcinoma consist

A zygote is the union of the sperm

Oogenesis is the production of

They migrate to a structure

- At their arrival on the

- During the time of migration

• Is the process of formation of gametes from germ cells in the testes

• Is the process where by oogonia differentiate into mature oocytes. Prenatal

• By the end of the 3rd month, the majority of

• By the 5th month of prenatal development,

 During childhood, most oocytes become atretic.

 Only approximately 400,000 are present by the beginning of puberty, and

• Each month, 15 to 20 follicles begin to mature and passing through

• Under normal conditions, only one of these follicles reaches full

• Surrounded by a layer of cuboidal follicular

• Beginning of zona pellucida

- Multilaminar Primary Follicle

- Secondary (Antral) Follicles

Granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte form the cumulus

• The cell then enters meiosis II but

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