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    Foundations of Human Computer Interaction

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    ondoy tv
    This document provides an overview of key concepts in human-computer interaction, including: - The human aspects of vision, information input/output through visual, auditory, haptic and movement channels, and how information is stored and processed in memory. - The computer aspects of input devices, output devices, text entry devices, display devices and memory devices. - Foundational concepts that influence human-computer interaction such as Fitts' Law which describes the time taken to hit a target on a screen.

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    Foundations of Human Computer Interaction

    Uploaded by

    ondoy tv
    22 views59 pages
    This document provides an overview of key concepts in human-computer interaction, including: - The human aspects of vision, information input/output through visual, auditory, haptic and movement channels, and how information is stored and processed in memory. - The computer aspects of input devices, output devices, text entry devices, display devices and memory devices. - Foundational concepts that influence human-computer interaction such as Fitts' Law which describes the time taken to hit a target on a screen.

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    CHAPTER1_HCI_MJRA

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    This document provides an overview of key concepts in human-computer interaction, including: - The human aspects of vision, information input/output through visual, auditory, haptic and movement channels, and how information is stored and processed in memory. - The computer aspects of input devices, output devices, text entry devices, display devices and memory devices. - Foundational concepts that influence human-computer interaction such as Fitts' Law which describes the time taken to hit a target on a screen.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    22 views59 pages

    Foundations of Human Computer Interaction

    Uploaded by

    ondoy tv
    This document provides an overview of key concepts in human-computer interaction, including: - The human aspects of vision, information input/output through visual, auditory, haptic and movement channels, and how information is stored and processed in memory. - The computer aspects of input devices, output devices, text entry devices, display devices and memory devices. - Foundational concepts that influence human-computer interaction such as Fitts' Law which describes the time taken to hit a target on a screen.

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    Foundations of Human

    Computer Interaction
    THE HUMAN
    - Vision
    - The Eye
    - Interpreting the Signal
    - Information Input / Output
    - Fitts Law
    CHAPTER - Information Stored in Memory
    CONTENTS - Information processed and applied

    THE COMPUTER
    - Input Devices
    - Output Devices
    -Text Entry Devices
    - Display Devices
    - Memory Devices
    “THE HUMAN”
    Information input/output: visual, auditory,
    haptic, movement.

    Information stored in memory: sensory,


    short-term, long-term.
    Information processed and applied:
    reasoning, problem-solving, skill, error.

    Emotion influences human capabilities.


    (ability, competency)

    Each person is different.


    VISION
    TWO (2) STAGES:

    1. Physical reception/function of
    stimulus. (causes an action or response)
    2. Processing and interpretation of
    stimulus.
    THE EYE – Physical reception
    Mechanism for receiving light and
    transforming it into electrical energy.

    LIGHT reflects from objects.

    Images are focused upside-down on retina.


    (a layer at the back of the eyeball containing cells that are
    sensitive to light and that trigger nerve impulses that pass via
    the optic nerve to the brain, where a visual image is formed.)
    Retina contains rods for low light vision and
    cones for color vision.

    Ganglion cells (collect visual information)


    detect pattern and movement.
    INTERPRETING THE
    SIGNAL
    1. Size and Depth
    2. Brightness
    3. Color
    SIZE AND DEPTH

    Visual angle: indicates how much of view an object


    occupies.

    Visual acuity(sharpness): is the ability to perceive


    detail.

    Cues like overlapping help perception of size an


    depth.
    An example of Visual angle
    An example of Visual acuity(sharpness)
    BRIGHTNESS

    Subjective reaction to levels of light.

    Affected by luminance (intensity of light) of an


    object.
    COLOR

    Made up of hue, intensity, and saturation.


    Hue: a color and a shade of a color.
    Intensity: refers to the purity of a hue.
    Saturation: refers to the dominance of hue in
    the color.

    8% males and 1% females are color blind.


    INFORMATION INPUT/OUTPUT

    1) Visual
    2) Auditory
    3) Haptic
    4) Movement
    VISUAL: Reading
    • Visual patterns are perceived.
    • Decoded using internal representation of
    language.
    • Interpreted using knowledge of syntax,
    semantics, and pragmatics.
    • Involves saccades and fixations.
    • Syntax: the arrangement of words and phrases
    to create well-formed sentences in a language.
    • Semantics:  concerned with meaning, such as
    sense and implication.
    • Pragmatics: focuses on conversational
    implicature, which is a process in which the
    speaker implies and a listener infers.
    • Saccades: a rapid movement of the eye
    between fixation points.
    • Fixations: an unnaturally strong interest in
    something or someone.
    AUDITORY: Hearing
    • Provides information about environment.
    • Physical apparatus:
    1.) Outer ear: protects inner and amplifies
    or increases sound.
    2.) Middle ear: transmits sound waves as
    vibrations to inner ear.
    3.) Inner ear: chemical transmitters are
    released and cause impulses in auditory
    nerve.
    AUDITORY: Hearing
    • Sound
    Pitch: sound frequency.
    Loudness: amplitude.
    Timbre: type or quality.
    • Humans can hear frequencies from 20Hz
    up to 15KHz.
    • Auditory system filter sounds and can
    attend to sounds over background noise.
    HAPTIC: Touch
    • Provides important feedback about
    environment.
    • May be the key sense for someone who is
    visually impaired.
    • Stimulus perceived via receptors in the skin:
    Thermoreceptors: heat and cold.
    Nociceptors: pain.
    Mechanoreceptors: pressure or tension.
    MOVEMENT
    • Time taken to respond to stimulus: reaction
    time + movement time.
    • Movement time is dependent on age,
    fitness, etc.
    • Reaction time is dependent on stimulus
    type:
    Visual: 200ms.
    Auditory: 150ms.
    Pain: 700ms.
    Fitts’ Law
    • Describes the time taken to hit a screen
    target.
    Mt = a + b log2 (D / S + 1)
    • Where:
    a&b - are empirically determined
    constants.
    Mt - is movement time.
    D - is distance.
    S - is size of target.
    Examples of Fitt’s Law
    INFORMATION STORED IN
    MEMORY
    1) Sensory
    2) Short-term
    3) Long-term
    SENSORY MEMORY
    • Also known as working memory.
    • Buffers for stimuli received through
    senses.
    Iconic memory: visual stimuli.
    Echoic memory: aural stimuli.
    Haptic memory: tactile memory.
    SHORT-TERM MEMORY

    • Scratch pad for temporary recall.


    Rapid access: 70ms.
    Rapid decay: 200ms.
    LONG-TERM MEMORY

    • Repository for all our knowledge.


    - Slow access.
    - Slow decay.
    - Huge/unlimited capacity.
    LONG-TERM MEMORY
    TWO (2) TYPES:

    1. Episodic – serial memory of events.


    2. Semantic – structured memory of facts,
    concepts, and skills.

    Semantic LTM is derived from Episodic


    LTM.
    SEMANTIC MEMORY
    STRUCTURE
    • It provides access to information.
    • It represents relationships between
    bits of information.
    • It supports inference -- a conclusion
    reached on the basis of evidence and
    reasoning.
    MODEL: SEMANTIC
    NETWORK
    • Inheritance – child nodes inherit
    properties of parent nodes.
    • Relationships between bits of
    information explicit and precise.
    • It supports inference through
    inheritance.
    Tractor Truck Cow Horse

    Machines Animals
    Goat
    FARM Sheep

    Crops
    Corn Wheat
    MODELS OF LONG-TERM
    MEMORY
    1. Frames – information organized in data
    structures. Slots in data structures
    instantiated with values for instance of data.
    2. Scripts – models of stereotypical
    information required to interpret situation.
    It has elements that can be instantiated with
    values of context.
    MODELS OF LONG-TERM
    MEMORY
    3. Production rules – representation of
    procedural knowledge. Condition/Action
    rules:

    “If condition is matched, then use rule to


    determine action.”
    LTM – Storage of Information
    • Rehearsal – information moves from STM to
    LTM.
    • Total time hypothesis – amount retained
    proportional to rehearsal time, amount of
    time is equal to amount of learning.
    • Distribution of practice effect optimized by
    spreading learning over time.
    LTM – Forgetting
    • Decay – information is lost gradually but
    very slowly.
    • Interference
    Retroactive interference: new
    information replaces old.
    Proactive inhibition: old may interfere
    with new.
    LTM – Retrieval
    • Recall – information reproduced from
    memory can be assisted by cue like
    categories or imagery.
    • Recognition – information gives knowledge
    that it has been seen before. It is less
    complex.
    INFORMATION PROCESSED
    AND APPLIED
    1) Reasoning
    2) Problem-solving
    3) Skill
    4) Error
    REASONING
    Here are the three types of Reasoning.

    DEDUCTIVE INDUCTIVE ABDUCTIVE

    Conclusion Conclusion Conclusion


    is is probably is best
    guaranteed true. guess.
    true.
    REASONING
    • Deductive reasoning
    - derive logically necessary conclusion
    from given premises; logical / reasonable
    thinking.
    - when truth and logical validity clash.
    REASONING
    • Inductive reasoning
    - generalizes from cases seen to cases
    unseen.
    - assuming; can or cannot be true.
    REASONING
    • Abductive reasoning
    - reasoning from event to cause.
    - can lead to false explanations.
    PROBLEM-SOLVING
    • Process of finding solution to unfamiliar
    tasks using knowledge.
    • Several theories:
    1. Gestalt theory
    - problem solving form both productive
    and reproductive.
    - attractive but not enough evidence to
    explain insight.
    Gestalts Theory Example

    Do you see any ARROW shape in the image?


    Another Example of Gestalts Theory
    Another Example of Gestalts Theory

    What does the logo of AMAZON implies?


    PROBLEM-SOLVING
    2. Problem space theory
    - problem solving involves generating
    states using legal operators.
    - operates within human information
    processing system.
    SKILL ACQUISITION
    • Skilled activity characterized by
    chunking.
    • Conceptual rather than superficial
    grouping of problems.
    • Information is structured more
    effectively.
    ERRORS
    TWO (2) TYPES:
    1. Slips
    - right intention, but failed to do it
    right.
    - causes poor physical skill.
    2. Mistakes
    - wrong intention, misinterpreted.
    - causes incorrect understanding.
    EMOTION
    • Emotion clearly involves both the cognitive
    and physical response to stimuli.
    • It is the biological response to physical stimuli
    called affect – influences how we respond to
    situations.
    Positive affect: creative problem-solving.
    Negative affect: narrow thinking.
    “Negative affect can make it harder to do even easy tasks;
    Positive affect can make it easier to do difficult tasks.”
    -Donald Norman
    EMOTION
    Various theories of how emotion works:
    1. James-Lange: Emotion is our interpretation
    of a physiological response to stimuli.
    2. Cannon: Emotion is a physiological
    response to a stimuli.
    3. Schacter-Singer: Emotion is the result of
    our evaluation of our physiological
    response, in the light of the whole
    situation we are in.
    THE COMPUTER
    A computer system is made up of
    various elements. Each of these
    elements affects the interaction.
    INPUT DEVICES
    These are pieces of hardware used to
    provide data to a computer used for
    interaction and control.  It allows entry
    of raw data to the computer for
    processing.
    OUTPUT DEVICES
    Refers to any piece of computer
    hardware equipment which converts
    information into human-readable form.
    It can be in text, graphics, tangible,
    audio, or video form.
    To understand the human–computer
    interaction, one needs to understand
    computers.
    TEXT ENTRY DEVICES
    • Mouse
    • Joystick
    • Touchpad
    • Stylus Pen
    • Keyboard
    DISPLAY DEVICES
    • Plasma Display
    • Liquid crystal display (LCD)
    • Light-emitting diode (LED)
    • Electroluminescent (ELD)
    MEMORY DEVICES
    • Short-term memory (RAM)
    • Long-term memory
    • Flash memory
    END OF
    DISCUSSION…

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