1.10.2: Proving Properties of Special Quadrilaterals

Introduction
There are many kinds of quadrilaterals. Some

quadrilaterals are parallelograms; some are not. For
example, trapezoids and kites are special quadrilaterals,
but they are not parallelograms.
Some parallelograms are known as special

parallelograms. What makes a parallelogram a more
specialized parallelogram? Rectangles, rhombuses, and
squares are all special parallelograms with special
properties. They have all the same characteristics that
parallelograms have, plus more.
1
1.10.2: Proving Properties of Special Quadrilaterals

Key Concepts
• A rectangle has four sides and four right angles.
• A rectangle is a parallelogram, so opposite sides are
parallel, opposite angles are congruent, and
consecutive angles are supplementary.
• The diagonals of a rectangle bisect each other and
are also congruent.

Key Concepts, continued
Theorem
If a parallelogram is a rectangle, then the diagonals are congruent.
AC @ DB
3

• A rhombus is a special parallelogram with all four
sides congruent.
• Since a rhombus is a parallelogram, opposite sides
are parallel, opposite angles are congruent, and
consecutive angles are supplementary.
• The diagonals bisect each other; additionally, they
also bisect the opposite pairs of angles within the
rhombus.

Theorem
If a parallelogram is a rhombus, the diagonals of the rhombus
bisect the opposite pairs of angles.
Ð BAC @ Ð CAD @ Ð BCA @ Ð DCA

Ð CBD @ Ð ABD @ Ð ADB @ Ð CDB
5

• The diagonals of a rhombus also form four right
angles where they intersect.

Theorem
If a parallelogram is a rhombus, the diagonals are
perpendicular.
BD ^ AC
The converse is also true. If the diagonals of a parallelogram

intersect at a right angle, then the parallelogram is a rhombus.

• A square has all the properties of a rectangle and a
rhombus.
• Squares have four congruent sides and four right
angles.
• The diagonals of a square bisect each other, are
congruent, and bisect opposite pairs of angles.
• The diagonals are also perpendicular.

Properties of Squares
AB @ BC @ CD @ DA
BD @ AC
BD ^ AC
mÐ A =mÐ B =mÐ C =
mÐ D =90

• Trapezoids are quadrilaterals with exactly one pair
of opposite parallel lines.
• Trapezoids are not parallelograms because they do
not have two pairs of opposite lines that are parallel.
• The lines in a trapezoid that are parallel are called
the bases, and the lines that are not parallel are
called the legs.
10

Properties of Trapezoids
BA and CD are the legs.

and are the bases.
BC AD
11

• Isosceles trapezoids have one pair of opposite
parallel lines. The legs are congruent.
• Since the legs are congruent, both pairs of base
angles are also congruent, similar to the legs and
base angles in an isosceles triangle.
• The diagonals of an isosceles trapezoid are
congruent.
12

Properties of Isosceles Trapezoids
BA and CD are the legs.

BC and AD are the bases.
BA @ CD and AC @ BD
Ð BAD @ Ð ADC and
Ð ABC @ Ð BCD
13

• A kite is a quadrilateral with two distinct pairs of
congruent sides that are adjacent.
• Kites are not parallelograms because opposite sides
are not parallel.
• The diagonals of a kite are perpendicular.
14

Properties of Kites
CD @ CB and AB @ AD
CA ^ BD
15

• Quadrilaterals can be grouped according to their
properties. This kind of grouping is called a hierarchy.
• In the hierarchy of quadrilaterals on the following
slide, you can see that all quadrilaterals are polygons
but that not all polygons are quadrilaterals.
• The arrows connecting the types of quadrilaterals
indicate a special version of the category above each
quadrilateral type. For example, parallelograms are
special quadrilaterals. Rectangles and rhombuses are
special parallelograms, and squares have all the
properties of rectangles and rhombuses.
16

Hierarchy of Quadrilaterals
17

Common Errors/Misconceptions
• assuming both pairs of opposite sides are parallel after
determining that one pair of opposite sides is parallel
• mistakenly classifying a rhombus as a square since all
the sides are congruent
• confusing the properties among the special
quadrilaterals
• not understanding that rectangles have the same
properties as a parallelogram plus additional properties
• not understanding the hierarchy of quadrilaterals
18

Guided Practice
Example 1
Quadrilateral ABCD has vertices A (–6, 8), B (2, 2),
C (–1, –2), and D (–9, 4). Using slope, distance, and/or
midpoints, classify as a rectangle, rhombus,
square, trapezoid, isosceles trapezoid, or kite.
19

Guided Practice: Example 1, continued
1. Graph the quadrilateral.
20

2. Calculate the slopes of the sides to
determine if opposite sides are parallel.
If opposite sides are parallel, the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.
Dy (2 - 8) -6 3
m AB = = = =-
Dx [2 - (- 6)] 8 4
Dy (- 2 - 4) -6 3
m DC = = = =-
Dx [- 1- (- 9)] 8 4
21

The first pair of opposite sides is parallel:
Dy (4 - 8) -4 4
m AD = = = =
Dx [- 9 - (- 6)] -3 3
Dy (- 2 - 2) -4 4
m BC = = = =
Dx (- 1- 2) -3 3
The second pair of opposite sides is parallel:

Therefore, the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
22

3. Examine the slopes of the consecutive
sides to determine if they intersect at right
angles.
If the slopes are opposite reciprocals, the lines are
perpendicular and therefore form right angles. If there
are four right angles, the quadrilateral is a rectangle
or a square.
23

3
m AB =m DC =-
4
4
m AD =m BC =
3
3 4
- is the opposite reciprocal of .
4 3
The slopes of the consecutive sides are
perpendicular: AB ^ AD and DC ^ BC . There are four
right angles at the vertices. The parallelogram is a
rectangle or a square.
24

You could also determine if the diagonals are
congruent by calculating the length of each diagonal
using the distance formula, d = (x 2 - x1)2 + (y 2 - y 1)2 .
If the diagonals are congruent, then the parallelogram
is a rectangle or square.
25

AC = [- 1- (- 6)]2 + (- 2 - 8)2 DB = [2 - (- 9)]2 + (2 - 4)2

AC = (5)2 + (- 10)2 DB = (11)2 + (- 2)2
AC = 25 +100 DB = 121+ 4
AC = 125 DB = 125
AC =5 5 DB =5 5
The diagonals are congruent: AC @ DB . The

parallelogram is a rectangle.
26

4. Calculate the lengths of the sides.
If all sides are congruent, the parallelogram is a
rhombus or a square. Since we established that the
angles are right angles, the rectangle can be more
precisely classified as a square if the sides are
congruent. If the sides are not congruent, the
parallelogram is a rectangle.
Use the distance formula to calculate the lengths of
the sides.
27

d = (x 2 - x1)2 + (y 2 - y 1)2
AB = [2 - (- 6)]2 + (2 - 8)2 AD = [- 9 - (- 6)]2 + (4 - 8)2

AB = (8)2 + (- 6)2 AD = (–3)2 + (- 4)2
AB = 64 + 36 AD = 9 +16
AB = 100 AD = 25
AB =10 AD =5
28

DC = [- 1- (- 9)]2 + (- 2 - 4)2 BC = (- 1- 2)2 + (- 2 - 2)2

DC = (8)2 + (- 6)2 BC = (–3)2 + (- 4)2
DC = 64 + 36 BC = 9 +16
DC = 100 BC = 25
DC =10 BC =5
Opposite sides are congruent, which is consistent

with a parallelogram, but all sides are not congruent.
29

5. Summarize your findings.
The quadrilateral has opposite sides that are parallel
and four right angles, but not four congruent sides.
This makes the quadrilateral a parallelogram and a
rectangle.
✔ 30

31

Guided Practice
Example 2
Quadrilateral ABCD has vertices A (0, 8), B (11, 1),
C (0, –6), and D (–11, 1). Using slope, distance, and/or
midpoints, classify as a rectangle, rhombus,
square, trapezoid, isosceles trapezoid, or kite.
32

1. Graph the quadrilateral.
33

2. Calculate the slopes of the sides to
determine if opposite sides are parallel.
If opposite sides are parallel, the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.
AB is opposite DC . BC is opposite AD.
34

Dy (1- 8) 7 Dy (- 6 - 1) -7 7
m AB = = =- m BC = = = =
Dx (11- 0) 11 Dx (0 - 11) - 11 11
Dy (- 6 - 1) 7 Dy (1- 8) -7 7
m DC = = =- m AD = = = =
Dx [0 - (- 11)] 11 Dx (- 11- 0) - 11 11
The opposite sides are parallel:

and . . Therefore, the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.
35

3. Examine the slopes of consecutive sides
to determine if the sides are perpendicular.
If the slopes of consecutive sides are opposite
reciprocals of each other, then the sides intersect at
right angles.
If the sides intersect at right angles, then the
parallelogram is a rhombus or square.
Let’s use consecutive sides AB and BC .
36

7 7
m AB =- m BC =
11 11
The slopes are not opposite reciprocals, so the

parallelogram is not a rectangle or a square.
37

4. Calculate the lengths of the sides.
In a rhombus, the sides are congruent.
Use the distance formula to calculate the lengths of
the sides.
38

d = (x 2 - x1)2 + (y 2 - y 1)2
AB = (11- 0)2 + (1- 8)2 BC = (0 - 11)2 + (- 6 - 1)2

AB = (11)2 + (- 7)2 BC = (- 11)2 + (- 7)2
AB = 121+ 49 BC = 121+ 49
AB = 170 BC = 170
39

DC = [0 - (- 11)]2 + (- 6 - 1)2 AD = (- 11- 0)2 + (1- 8)2

DC = (11)2 + (- 7)2 AD = (- 11)2 + (- 7)2
DC = 121+ 49 AD = 121+ 49
DC = 170 AD = 170
The sides are all congruent.
40

5. Summarize your findings.
The quadrilateral has opposite sides that are parallel
and all four sides are congruent, but the sides are not
perpendicular. Therefore, the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram and a rhombus, but not a square.
✔ 41

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1.10.2: Proving Properties of Special Quadrilaterals

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Introduction

There are many kinds of quadrilaterals. Some

Some parallelograms are known as special