Examples 1

Chapter (1) Examples
Example 1
• 1 kg of air can be expanded between two
states as it does 20 kJ of work on the
surroundings and receives 16 kJ of heat. A
second kind of expansion can be found
between the same initial and final states
which requires only an input of 9 kJ. What
is the change of internal energy of the first
expansion and what is the work done by
the air in the second expansion?
1
P A
B
2
v
Applying the NFEE to the first process along with path A
QA  WA  10  (20)  U 2  U1 i.e. U 2  U1  4kJ
In the second process, along path B, the change of internal energy, which
is a property, will be the same. Applying the NFEE again we get
QB  WB  9  WB  4 i.e. WB  13kJ
Example 2
• 0.75 of air has a pressure of 3 bar and a
temperature of 125C. After it has received 900kJ of
heat at constant volume, find the final pressure and
temperature. If the air then expands adiabatically
doing 915kJ of work, (a) by haw much is its internal
energy changed during the expansion, and (b) is
the value higher or lower than before the heating
process
2
P
1
Applying NFEE to the first process 3
900  0  U 2  U1  mcv (T2  T1 )  0.75  0.718(T2  398) v
T
So that 2  1671  398  2069 K (1795 
C)
The equation of state then gives, at constant volume
P2 T2 2069
 i.e. P2  3   15.60 bar
P1 T1 398
The NFEE applied to the second process gives: (a)
0  (915)  U 3  U 2 i.e. U 3  U 2  915 kJ
and (b) U3 is lower than U1 by 15 kJ

Example 3
• 1 kg of gas expands reversibly and
adiabatically, its temperature falling from
240C to 115C while its volume is
doubled. The gas does 90kj of work in the
process. Find the value of Cv and Cp, and
the molar mass of the gas
Applying the NFEE to the expansion 1
P
0+(-90)= 1.0XCv(115-240) giving Cv= 0.72kJ/kgK
2
From the isentropic relation
 1
T1  V2   513  v
   i.e. ln   (  1) ln 2,   1.403
T2  V1   388 
But   c p / cv therefore 1.403  c p / 0.72
c p  1.01kJ / kgK and R  c p  cv  0.29kJ / kgK
Giving R 8.3145
M    28.7 kg / kmol
R 0.29
Example 4
• State the characteristics of (i)an isothermal and
(ii) an adiabatic expansion.
• A bicycle pump which has a stroke of 20 cm is
used to force the air into a tyre against a
pressure of 4 bar. What length of the stroke will
be swept through before air begins to entre the
tyre when the piston is pushed in (a) slowly and
(b) quickly? Assume that the atmospheric
pressure is 1 bar
(i) An isothermal expansion is the expansion which maintains a
constant temperature during the process
(ii) An adiabatic expansion is an expansion during which there is no
heat transfer
2 3
6
Let Abe the cross sectional area of the pump
so that V1 = 20A cm3
P
(a) When the temperature is pushed slowly there
bar 1
is time for the heat to transfer in order to keep
the temperature constant v
 p1v1  p2v2 i.e.1.0  20 A  4  l2 A

Where l2 is the cylinder length in cm at state 2. Thus l2=5 cm, giving a
stroke of 15cm
(b) when the piston is pushed quickly there will be little time for heat transfer, so we
shall assume the process to be adiabatic. Provided that it is also reversible
 
p1v1  p3v3 i.e. 4  ( Al3 )  1.0  ( A  20)
Where l3 is the new cylinder length in cm. Thus l3  7043 cm giving a stroke of 12.57 cm
Example 5
• A partial evaporation of 1kg of saturated
water at 7 bar is accomplished by the
transfer of 100kJ of work. Find the dryness
fraction of the steam formed, and the
increase in internal energy of the fluid
during the change of phase
Work is being done at constant pressure so that p
W= -p(v2-v1)
And if the volume of water v1 is ignored, 1 2
-100=-7v2102 giving v2=0.143m3/kg

v
And so x2= 0.143/0.2728 ( where 0.2728 is the specific volume ,vg, of
saturated steam at 7 bar)
i.e. x2 = 0.524, u1= 696 kJ/kg
u2= 696(1-0.524)+(25730.524) = 1680 kJ/kg
 (u2-u1) = 984 kJ/kg

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Chapter (1) Examples

QA  WA  10  (20)  U 2  U1 i.e. U 2  U1  4kJ

900  0  U 2  U1  mcv (T2  T1 )  0.75  0.718(T2  398) v

The NFEE applied to the second process gives: (a)

0  (915)  U 3  U 2 i.e. U 3  U 2  915 kJ

and (b) U3 is lower than U1 by 15 kJ

But   c p / cv therefore 1.403  c p / 0.72

c p  1.01kJ / kgK and R  c p  cv  0.29kJ / kgK

 p1v1  p2v2 i.e.1.0  20 A  4  l2 A

-100=-7v2102 giving v2=0.143m3/kg

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