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Single-Phase Transformer: 1 Electrical Machines

This document discusses single-phase transformers. It describes the basic components of a transformer, including the primary and secondary windings, core, and bushings. It explains how transformers work via electromagnetic induction to transfer energy from the primary to secondary circuit. Transformers can step up or step down voltage and are classified by application, construction, number of phases, and location. The document also covers transformer equivalent circuits, losses, cooling, and efficiency.

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346 views28 pages

Single-Phase Transformer: 1 Electrical Machines

This document discusses single-phase transformers. It describes the basic components of a transformer, including the primary and secondary windings, core, and bushings. It explains how transformers work via electromagnetic induction to transfer energy from the primary to secondary circuit. Transformers can step up or step down voltage and are classified by application, construction, number of phases, and location. The document also covers transformer equivalent circuits, losses, cooling, and efficiency.

Uploaded by

aswardi8756
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 4

SINGLE-PHASE
TRANSFORMER

Electrical Machines 1
Introduction
A transformer is a device that transfers
electrical energy from one electrical
circuit to another electrical circuit by
electromagnetic induction (transformer
action).

Electrical Machines 2
CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSFORMER
i) Classification based on application
• Step-up transformer
• Step-down transformer
ii) Classification based on construction
• Core type transformer
• Shell type transformer

Electrical Machines 3
CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSFORMER
iii) Classification based on number of phases
• Single-phase transformer
• Three-phase transformer
iv) Classification based on the location of
transformer
• Indoor type transformer
• Outdoor type transformer
• Station transformer
Electrical Machines 4
TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTION
The different parts of the transformer are
shown in Figure below.

Electrical Machines 5
Transformer Windings
A transformer mainly has two
windings wound on the two limbs of
the transformer, namely, the primary
winding and the secondary winding.
Primary winding connected with the
supply, secondary winding connected
with load.
Electrical Machines 6
Core-type transformer
A core-type transformer has a
single path for the magnetic flux
to flow in the transformer. The
core can be in the form of a
rectangle or a square.

Electrical Machines 7
Shell-type transformer
A shell-type transformer has two
windows and three limbs. Both
the primary and secondary
windings are placed on the central
limb.

Electrical Machines 8
Core-type and Shell-type Transformer

Core Type transformer Shell Type transformer

Electrical Machines 9
Parts of transformer
• Bushings
• Tappings
•Windings
• Conservator and Breather

Electrical Machines 10
Principle of Operation
The primary of the transformer having
N1 turns is fed from an AC supply of V1
volts. The current I1 will flow through
the primary coil. The current through
the primary will set up a flux φ in the
core. This flux, when linked with the
primary winding, will produce an
induced e.m.f., E1, in the primary.
Electrical Machines 11
Principle of Operation
The flux φ will pass through the core
and link with the secondary winding
to induce an e.m.f., E2, in the
secondary winding. Because of this
induced e.m.f., a current I2 will flow
through the load connected with the
secondary winding. The load terminal
voltage is V2.
Electrical Machines 12
Principle of Operation
If the input voltage V1 is greater than
the output voltage V2, then it is called
the step-down transformer. If the
input voltage V1 is less than the output
voltage V2, then it is called the step-up
transformer.

Electrical Machines 13
EMF Equation
Let, N1 and N2 be the number of turns of
primary and secondary, Qm be the
maximum value of flux and f be the
frequency. Then

Electrical Machines 14
Transformation Ratio

Where, N1 and N2 is the number of turns


of primary and secondary, I1 and I2 is the
primary and secondary current
respectively, V1 and V2 are the primary
and secondary voltage respectively, and
E1 and E2 are the primary and secondary
EMF respectively.
Electrical Machines 15
PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER ON NO
LOAD
i) The magnetisation
component (Im), which is
responsible for the
production of flux in the
core.
ii) The power component
(Ic), which will supply the
total losses.

Electrical Machines 16
PHASOR DIAGRAM OF TRANSFORMER
ON LOAD
Inductive
Load

Electrical Machines 17
PHASOR DIAGRAM OF TRANSFORMER
ON LOAD
Capacitive Load

Electrical Machines 18
PHASOR DIAGRAM OF TRANSFORMER
ON LOAD
Resistive Load

Electrical Machines 19
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF
TRANSFORMER
Exact Equivalent Circuit

Electrical Machines 20
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF
TRANSFORMER
Exact Equivalent Circuit Referred to
Primary

Electrical Machines 21
LOSSES IN TRANSFERMER
i) Iron Loss or Core Loss
ii) Copper Loss

Electrical Machines 22
TRANSFERMER OIL
There are two types of transformer oil
used in transformer,
1. Paraffin based transformer oil
2. Naphtha based transformer oil
Transformer oil has following
characteristics:
1. It is colourless
2. It has low density
3. It has low viscosity
Electrical Machines 23
COOLING SYSTEM
The different transformer cooling methods are
as follows:
i) For dry type transformers
a) Air Natural (AN) cooling method
b) Air Blast cooling method
ii) For oil immersed transformers
a) Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN) cooling
b) Oil Natural Air Forced (ONAF) cooling
c) Oil Forced Air Forced (OFAF) cooling
d) Oil Forced Water Forced (OFWF)
Electrical Machines 24
VOLTAGE REGULATION

Lagging Load

Leading Load
Electrical Machines 25
EFFICIENCY

Electrical Machines 26
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

Electrical Machines 27
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

Electrical Machines 28

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