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    Neural Plasticity 2020

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    Neuroplasticity refers to the lifelong ability of the brain to reorganize and form new neural connections based on experiences. It occurs at both the microscopic level of individual neurons and synaptic connections, and the macroscopic level of neural networks and brain regions. Recovery from brain injury involves neuroplasticity mechanisms like resolution of damaged areas, spontaneous reorganization by taking advantage of intact regions, and rehabilitation to retrain skills. Behavioral plasticity also plays a role through relearning, facilitation of connections, and functional substitution or compensation. Neuroimaging studies show evidence of brain rerouting and reorganization supporting language recovery in aphasia, and that the type of language therapy impacts post-therapy brain recruitment patterns.

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    Neural Plasticity 2020

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    Neuroplasticity refers to the lifelong ability of the brain to reorganize and form new neural connections based on experiences. It occurs at both the microscopic level of individual neurons and synaptic connections, and the macroscopic level of neural networks and brain regions. Recovery from brain injury involves neuroplasticity mechanisms like resolution of damaged areas, spontaneous reorganization by taking advantage of intact regions, and rehabilitation to retrain skills. Behavioral plasticity also plays a role through relearning, facilitation of connections, and functional substitution or compensation. Neuroimaging studies show evidence of brain rerouting and reorganization supporting language recovery in aphasia, and that the type of language therapy impacts post-therapy brain recruitment patterns.

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    Neuroplasticity refers to the lifelong ability of the brain to reorganize and form new neural connections based on experiences. It occurs at both the microscopic level of individual neurons and synaptic connections, and the macroscopic level of neural networks and brain regions. Recovery from brain injury involves neuroplasticity mechanisms like resolution of damaged areas, spontaneous reorganization by taking advantage of intact regions, and rehabilitation to retrain skills. Behavioral plasticity also plays a role through relearning, facilitation of connections, and functional substitution or compensation. Neuroimaging studies show evidence of brain rerouting and reorganization supporting language recovery in aphasia, and that the type of language therapy impacts post-therapy brain recruitment patterns.

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    126 views11 pages

    Neural Plasticity 2020

    Uploaded by

    A
    Neuroplasticity refers to the lifelong ability of the brain to reorganize and form new neural connections based on experiences. It occurs at both the microscopic level of individual neurons and synaptic connections, and the macroscopic level of neural networks and brain regions. Recovery from brain injury involves neuroplasticity mechanisms like resolution of damaged areas, spontaneous reorganization by taking advantage of intact regions, and rehabilitation to retrain skills. Behavioral plasticity also plays a role through relearning, facilitation of connections, and functional substitution or compensation. Neuroimaging studies show evidence of brain rerouting and reorganization supporting language recovery in aphasia, and that the type of language therapy impacts post-therapy brain recruitment patterns.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 11

    NEUROPLASTICITY

    1
    Neuroplasticity
    What is it????

     lifelong ability of the brain to reorganize neural


    pathways based on new experiences.


    Similarly, the neural circuitry in brain must reorganize
    in response to sensory stimulation

    2
    Neuroplasticity- brain’s capacity to change at ......

    Micro Macro
    level level
    Cellular / network Behavioral/system
    level level

    Behavioral
    Neural Plasticity
    Plasticity

    Kolb (1995)
    3
    Neural Mechanisms
    (Powell, 1981)
    1. Resolution- Physical repair mechanism of the
    penumbra area cells during the initial days.
    2. Reorganization- neural mechanisms reorganize
    impaired areas by taking advantage of the intact
    regions spontaneously
    3. Rehabilitation- extent to which person can be
    retrained to perform a specific skill

    4
    Relationship between Recovery and Plasticity

    Mechanisms of plasticity

    Biochemical/ Structural Behavioral


    physiologic (brain structure (function/
    (cellular level) level) behavioral level)

    NEURAL PLASTICITY BEHAVIORAL PLASTICITY

    5
    Biochemical and Physiologic Mechanisms of
    recovery (cellular)
    • Primary changes- (occur within a few days post injury)
    – cell death, inflammation in the cell, cell degeneration
    • Secondary changes- (continue to evolve over time)
    structural and functional changes

    Structural changes Functional changes


    • Regenerative sprouting • Relatively ineffective
    • Collateral regenerative synapses
    sprouting • Denervation sensitivity
    • Synapse potentials
    6
    Structural Mechanisms of Recovery
    (the brain as a whole)
    1. Resolution or regression of diaschisis (Cappa, 1998)- allowing brain
    areas to function again
    2. Restoration (Kleim & Schwerin, 2010)- reactivation of brain areas for
    establishment of neural connectivity
    3. Recruitment (Kleim & Schwerin, 2010)- enlisting of brain areas that
    have capacity to contribute to the lost function; play a larger role in
    the performance of the impaired function
    4. Retraining (Kleim & Schwerin, 2010)- areas perform novel function
    due to rehabilitation training
    5. Functional takeover (Cappa, 1998)- Ex: undamaged areas in the
    contralateral hemisphere take over functions (language)

    7
    Behavioral mechanisms of recovery
    (through behavioral intervention)
    1. Restitution- restoration- reactivation – through direct stimulation
    (repetition), indirect stimulation( cueing strategies), deblocking
    (elicitation of the target response through a different task or modality)
    2. Reorganization- reconstitution- substitution- reroute parts of the
    functional system without impeding the whole functional system
    (ex: phonemic self-cueing strategy)
    3. Relearning- relearn/reestablish lost items or information
    4. Facilitation- reinforces the link between semantic representations
    and phonological output
    5. Functional substitution- functional reorganization- functional
    compensation- (adaptation in the absence of actual recovery of
    function), ex: use of gestures, lip reading, AAC devices
    8
    LANGUAGE RECOVERY IN THE BRAIN
    • Neuroimaging studies provide evidence for patterns of rerouting
    and functional reorganization

    • Type of approach used during therapy appears to have an impact on post


    therapy brain recruitment
    • Increased right hemisphere activation during language task correlates with
    language improvement
    • Brain shows potential for long term plasticity
    – intensive language therapy
    • Short term brain plasticity
    – right hemisphere contribution to aphasia recovery
    • Bilateral hemispheric activation during language tasks
    Plasticity as it relates to Aphasia Tx
    • Language rehab can lead to physiological
    change
    • The nature of the tx influences the changes
    – Both recovery and recruitment of related areas

    10
    Neuroscience to Neurorehabilitation

    Kleim & Jones, 2008 (JSLHR)

    11

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