Department of Placement Training

Topic : Syllogism
Definition
Subject:
The first noun in the given statement.
Predicate:
The last noun in the given statement.
Middle Term:
The common noun in the given 2 statements.
Premises:
The given statement
Conclusion:
The answer statement
Syllogism Types
ALL ( All Subjects are Predicates)

Some (Some Subjects are Predicates)

No (No Subject is Predicate)

Some Not (Some Subjects are not Predicate)

Example
All Papers are Pens

Subject – Papers
Predicate – Pens
Type – All

Connecting Word – are

Premises – All Papers are Pens
 All Papers are Pens

 All Papers are Notes

Middle Term - Papers

Syllogism Table:

√ - Distribution X- Non Distribution

Types Subject Predicate

All √ X
Some X X
No √ √

Some Not X √
Hints: No Conclusion
Some – Some

No – No

Some – Some Not

No – Some Not

Rules to solve Syllogism:
(2 Statements)

1. Check the middle term Present or not

2. Middle term should be Distributed atleast once.

3. The term which is distributed in the premises must be distributed in the conclusion.

4. The term which is Non distributed in the premises must be Non distributed in the

conclusion.
Conversion Table:
Premises Conversion

All Subjects are Predicates 1. Some Subjects are Predicate

2. Some Predicates are Subject

Some Subjects are Predicate Some Predicates are Subject

No Subject is predicate No Predicate is Subject

Some Subjects are Not Predicate No conversion

Conclusion Types
1. Find the Conversion for the given Statements.

2. Find the Conclusion for the given Statements.

3. Find the Conversion for the derived Conclusion.

Problem
All the harmoniums are instruments.
All the Instruments are flutes.
Conclusions:
I. All the flutes are instruments
II. All the harmonium are flutes
a) Only conclusion I follows
b) Only conclusion II follows
c) Either I or II follows
d) Neither I nor II follows
e) Both I and II follows
Problem
Some papers are pens.
All the pencils are pens
Conclusion:
I. Some pens are pencils
II. Some pens are papers
a) Only conclusion I follows
b) Only conclusion II follows
c) Either I or II follows
d) Neither I nor II follows
e) Both I and II follow
Problem
Some mangoes are yellow.
Some tixo are Mangoes
Conclusion:
I. Some mangoes are green
II. Tixo is a yellow
a) Only conclusion I follows
b) Only conclusion II follows
c) Either I or II follows
d) Neither I nor II follows
e) Both I and II follows
Problem
All the window are doors.
No door is a wall.
Conclusions:
I. Some windows are walls
II. No wall is a door
a) Only conclusion I follows
b) Only conclusion II follows
c) Either I or II follows
d) Neither I nor II follows
e) Both I and II follows
Problem
Some cows are crows.
Some crows are Elephants
Conclusion:
I. Some cows are elephants
II. All crows are elephants
a) Only conclusion I follows
b) Only conclusion II follows
c) Either I or II follows
d) Neither I nor II follows
e) Both I and II follows
Definitions
Complementary Pair:

 Some Subjects are Predicates 

No subject is Predicate

 Some Predicates are Subjects 

No Predicate is Subjects
Rules to Solve Syllogism:
(3 Statements)
1. Find the Conversion for the given Statements.
2. Find the Conclusion for the given Statements taken 2 at a time{12, 23, 31}.

3. Find the Conversion for the derived Conclusion.

4. Find the Conclusion for the derived conclusion and the remaining given Statement.
5. Check the Complementary pair for the

given Conclusion.
Syllogism Using Venn Diagram
GO ONE BY ONE. Understand it. Then go to the next one. Make sure you are

thorough enough with the given concepts.

You don’t need to memorize any statements or any conclusions. All you need is to

UNDERSTAND.
Believe Me. It’s very simple. It is not ROCKET SCIENCE. :-)

The first step is to make a Venn diagram. Second step is deriving the conclusion.

Let’s go to all possible concepts. (Concepts = Statements)

CONCEPT 1 Some A is B. 
The Diagram for Some A is B is

The possible conclusions are,

1) Some A is B
2) Some B is A
CONCEPT – 2 –
Some A is B and Some B is C

Now the Possible Conclusions are,

Between A and B                       Between B and C
Some A is B                                     Some B is C
Some B is A                                   Some C is B

There is no DIRECT CONNECTION between A and C. So it is not possible to derive

any conclusion between A and C.
CONCEPT 3 – All A is B

The Conclusions are,

All A is B.
Some A is B.
Some B is A.
CONCEPT 4
All A is B and All B is C

The Conclusions are,

Between A and B        Between B and C             Between A &C                    
All A is B.                         All B is C.                                All A is C.
Some A is B.                    Some B is C.                               Some A is C.
Some B is A.                    Some C is B.                               Some C is A.
Concept 5 – Some A is B. All B is C.

Between A and B                Between B and C                  Between A and C

Some A is B                       All B is C                     Some A is C
Some B is A                       Some B is C                 Some C is A
Some C is B
Concept 6
All A is B and Some B is C

The possible conclusions are,

Between A and B                          Between B and C
All A is B                                       Some B is C
Some A is B                                   Some C is B
Some B is A
There is no DIRECT CONNECTION between A and C. So it is not possible to derive
any conclusion between A and C.
Concept 7 All B is A and All C is A

The Possible Conclusions are,

Between A and B                                 Between A and C
All B is A                                              All C is A
Some B is A                                         Some C is A
Some A is B                                         Some A is C
There is no DIRECT CONNECTION between B and C. So it is not possible to derive
any conclusion between B and C.
Concept 8 – No A is B

The Possible Conclusions are,

No A is B
No B is A
Some A is not B
Some B is not A
When NO comes in Statement, Some-not should follow in Conclusion
Concept 9– All A is B and No B is C

The Possible Conclusions are,

Between A and B                  Between B and C                  Between A and C
All A is B                               No B is C                               No A is C
Some A is B                          No C is B                     Some A is Not C
Some B is A                          Some B is not C
Some C is not B
Concept 10 – All A is B and No A is C

The Possible Conclusions are,

Between A and B                Between A and C                 Between B and C
All A is B                             No A is C                              Some B is not C
Some A is B                        No C is A
Some B is A                        Some A is not C
Some C is not A
Concept 11 – Some A is B; No B is C

The Possible Conclusions are,

Between A and B                  Between B and C              Between A and C
Some A is B                          No B is C                               Some A is not C
Some B is A                          No C is B
Some B is not C
Some C is not B
Concept 12 – Some A is B; No A is C

The Possible Conclusions are,

Between A and B                Between A and C           Between B and C
Some A is B                         No A is C                       Some B is not C
Some B is A                         No C is A
Some A is not C
Some C is not A
1. Statements: 
All the harmoniums are instruments. All the instruments are flutes.
Conclusions:
All the flutes are instruments.
All the harmoniums are flutes.
A. Only (1) conclusion follows
B. Only (2) conclusion follows
C. Either (1) or (2) follows
D. Neither (1) nor (2) follows
E. Both (1) and (2) follow
Answer : Only (2) conclusion follows
Explanation :
2. Statements: 
Some ants are parrots. All the parrots are apples.
Conclusions:
All the apples are parrots.
Some ants are apples.
A. Only (1) conclusion follows
B. Only (2) conclusion follows
C. Either (1) or (2) follows
D. Neither (1) nor (2) follows
E. Both (1) and (2) follow
Answer : Only (2) conclusion follows
Explanation :
3. Statements: Some papers are pens. All the pencils are pens.
Conclusions:
Some pens are pencils.
Some pens are papers.
A. Only (1) conclusion follows
B. Only (2) conclusion follows
C. Either (1) or (2) follows
D. Neither (1) nor (2) follows
E. Both (1) and (2) follows
Answer : Both (1) and (2) follows
Explanation :
4. Statements: 
All the actors are girls. All the girls are beautiful.
Conclusions:
All the actors are beautiful.
Some girls are actors.
A. Only (1) conclusion follows
B. Only (2) conclusion follows
C. Either (1) or (2) follows
D. Neither (1) nor (2) follows
E. Both (1) and (2) follow
Answer : Both (1) and (2) follow
Explanation :
5. Statements: 
All the windows are doors. No door is a wall.
Conclusions:
Some windows are walls.
No wall is a door.
A. Only (1) conclusion follows
B. Only (2) conclusion follows
C. Either (1) or (2) follows
D. Neither (1) nor (2) follows
E. Both (1) and (2) follow
Answer : Only (2) conclusion follows
Explanation :
6. Statements: 
All cups are books. All books are shirts.
Conclusions:
Some cups are not shirts.
Some shirts are cups.
A. Only (1) conclusion follows
B. Only (2) conclusion follows
C. Either (1) or (2) follows
D. Neither (1) nor (2) follows
E. Both (1) and (2) follow
Answer : Only (2) conclusion follows
Explanation :
7. Statements: 
Some cows are crows. Some crows are elephants.
Conclusions:
Some cows are elephants.
All crows are elephants.
A. Only (1) conclusion follows
B. Only (2) conclusion follows
C. Either (1) or (2) follows
D. Neither (1) nor (2) follows
E. Both (1) and (2) follow
Answer : Neither (1) nor (2) follows
Explanation :
8. Statements: 
All the pencils are pens. All the pens are inks.
Conclusions:
All the pencils are inks.
Some inks are pencils.
A. Only (1) conclusion follows
B. Only (2) conclusion follows
C. Either (1) or (2) follows
D. Neither (1) nor (2) follows
E. Both (1) and (2) follow
Answer : Both (1) and (2) follow
Explanation :
9. Statements: 
No door is dog. All the dogs are cats.
Conclusions:
No door is cat.
No cat is door.
Some cats are dogs.
All the cats are dogs.
A. Only (2) and (4) B. Only (1) and (3) C. Only (3) and (4)
D. Only (3) E. All the four
Answer : Only (3)
Explanation :
10. Statements: 
All green are blue. All blue are white.
Conclusions:
Some blue are green.
Some white are green.
Some green are not white.
All white are blue.
A. Only (1) and (2) B. Only (1) and (3)
C. Only (1) and (4) D. Only (2) and (4)
Answer : Only (1) and (2)
Explanation :
11. Statements: 
All men are vertebrates. Some mammals are vertebrates.
Conclusions:
All men are mammals.
All mammals are men.
Some vertebrates are mammals.
All vertebrates are men.
A. Only (4) B. Only (2) C. Only (3)
D. Only (1) E. Only (1) and (3)
Answer : Only (3)
Explanation :
12. Statements: 
All the phones are scales. All the scales are calculators.
Conclusions:
All the calculators are scales.
All the phones are calculators
All the scales are phones.
Some calculators are phones.
A. Only (1) and (4) B. Only (3) and (4) C. Only (2) and (4)
D. Only (1) and (2) E. Only (1) and (3)
Answer : Only (2) and (4)
Explanation :
13. Statements: 
Some tables are T.V. Some T.V. are radios.
Conclusions:
Some tables are radios.
Some radios are tables.
All the radios are T.V.
All the T.V. are tables.
A. Only (2) and (4) B. Only (1) and (3) C. Only (4)
D. Only (1) and (4) E. None of the four.
Answer : None of the four.
Explanation :
14. Statements: 
Some pens are books. Some books are pencils.
Conclusions:
Some pens are pencils.
Some pencils are pens.
All pencils are pens.
All books are pens.
A. Only (1) and (3) B. Only (2) and (4) C. All the four
D. None of the four E. Only (1)
Answer : None of the four
Explanation :
15. Statements: 
All the goats are tigers. All the tigers are lions.
Conclusions:
All the goats are lions.
All the lions are goats.
Some lions are goats.
Some tigers are goats.
A. All the four B. Only (1), (2) and (3) C. Only (1), (3) and (4)
D. Only (2), (3) and (4)
Answer : Only (1), (3) and (4)
Explanation :
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