By:Dr - Maham Masood

LECTURE 3
BY:DR.MAHAM MASOOD
SPEED
 Rate at which a body moves and takes no account of a
direction.
SPEED OF RELAXED PASSIVE

MOVEMENTS:
Speed at which a passive movement is performed must be
slow and uniform so that relaxation can be maintained.
SPEED
SPEED OF ACTIVE EXERCISES
SPEED ●
NATURAL
SPEED ●
REDUCED
SPEED ●
INCREASED
NATURAL SPEED
Vary to some extent for each
individual.
Speed at which exercises should be

done.
REDUCED SPEED
 Slow exercises need GREATER muscular effort and
more control.
 Decrease in speed ensures time for full range movement.

INCREASED SPEED
 Rapid movement requires strong muscular effort but
momentum is gained.
Uses:
1) Help increase the range of joint movement
(provided the direction is not reversed before the free limit
is reached)
Side effects:
2) Stimulating but lead to inaccurate and trick movement.
3) Full range movement is rarely achieved
VELOCITY
 Incorporates not only the rate of motion but also the
direction.
 Change in Speed or Direction alter velocity.

WORK
Product of Force and Distance through which the force
acts.
ENERGY AND ITS TYPES
DEFINITION:
Capacity of a body for doing work.
 KINETIC ENERGY:
Because of its velocity.
 POTENTIAL ENERGY:
By virtue of position.
POWER
Rate of doing work
Rate of energy expenditure.
UNIT: Joules/sec , Ergs/sec.
ACCELERATION:
Rate of change of velocity.
Positive acceleration:
Increase in velocity
Negative acceleration:
decrease in velocity
MOVEMENT UNDER GRAVITY
All bodies subject to uniform
acceleration regardless of their
weight(as they fall freely under
gravity).
MOMENTUM
 Product of Mass and Velocity.
 Quantity of motion it possesses.
 Momentum generate movement slowly in heavier object

and rapidly in lighter.
INERTIA
 The resistance of a body to any change in its state of rest or
motion.
 Reversed effective force of a body.

INERTIA
INERTIA
FRICTION
 Force which opposes the motion of when one surface
slide upon the other.
 Dynamic Friction:
Frictional resistance obtaining during movement.
 Limiting Friction:
 Friction obtained when the sliding is just about to set in.
HOW TO REDUCE THE FRICTION
 By the use of Polished surface (table or plinth)
 For further reduction:

 By the use of talcum powder
 By the use of oil
 For virtually eliminating all resistance:

 By the use of “SUSPENSION METHOD” (suspending the limb)
HOW TO INCREASE THE RESISTANCE
 For safety measures
 Nonslip floors in gym
 Slopes
 Slides
 Stairs
 Non slip foot wear
 Rubber ferrules on walking aids.

SIMPLE MACHINES
 Machine enables an applied force to overcome the given
resistance.
 LEVER:
 Lever is a rigid bar which is capable of producing
movement about a fixed point called a Fulcrum (F).
 Work is done when a force or effort (E) applied at one

point on the lever, acts upon another force or weight
(w),acting at a second point on the lever.
LEVER
CONT…
 Perpendiculardistance from the fulcrum to the
effort (E) may be called THE EFFORT’S
ARM.
 Perpendicular
distance from the fulcrum to the
weight (W) may be called THE WEIGHT’S
ARM.
EFFORT’S ARM AND WEIGHT’S ARM
EXAMPLE OF LEVER IN THE BODY
 In the body a lever is represented by a Bone
 In the body a fulcrum is represented by Joint.
(lever is capable of producing movement about a

fulcrum formed at the articulating joint
surfaces).
 EFFORT: Force of muscular contraction.

(applied at point of insertion to the bone).
 WEIGHT : present at the Centre of gravity of

the part moved or Object to be lifted.
THREE ORDER OF THE LEVER
 1st order lever:
 Fulcrum is between the effort and the weight.
 May be centrally or on the either side.
 Weight arm or effort arm may be equal or may one exceed the
other.
CONT..
IST ORDER LEVER
CONT….
 2nd order lever:
In a second-class lever, the weight (resistance) is located
between the axis (fulcrum) and the force.
CONT..
 3rd Order lever:
 Force is applied between the resistance (weight) and the
axis (fulcrum)
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
 Ratio of the weight to the effort.
 M.A= W/E
EFFORT ARM /WEIGHT ARM:

 Efficacy of a force in relation to a lever is dependent upon two
factors:
 The force exerted (w) or (e)
 And the perpendicular distance from the fulcrum.
 The product of these two are known as Moment of Force (Torque).
CONT..
 Weight’s arm and Effort’arm = Effort equal to that of weight will be
required (no advantge is gained,useful for measuring
weight)
 Length of the Effort’s arm > Weight’s arm = Less effort

(advantage is gained)
M.A is obtained from the 1st order lever (when F is nearer to

weight than to the effort)and all levers of the 2nd order but never
from the 3rd order lever.
MECHANICAL DISADVANTAGE
 When Weight’s arm exceeds the Effort’s arm.
 Levers of the 1st order when the fulcrum is nearer to the
weight and in all levers of the 3rd order.

LEVERS OF THE BODY (V.IMP)
 3rd order levers are most numerous.
 1st Order Lever:

 Lever of Stability
 State of equilibrium can be obtained with or without

M.A.
 Example: noding movement of head,tilting movements

of the pelvis on the femoral head.
2ND ORDER LEVER
 Lever of Power.
 Always there is M.A
 Uncommon in the body.
 Example:
 Heel lifting
 Flexion at elbow joint.

3RD ORDER LEVER
 Lever of Velocity
 Mechanical disadvantage
 Speed and ROM.
 Example:
 Flexion at wrist joint
 Knee flexion
LEVERS AT HOME AND WORK
 See saw
 Tack lifter
 Crow bar
 Pair of scissors
 Wheel barrow
 Sugar tongs forceps

LEVERS IN PHYSIOTHERAPY
 THE CONCEPT OF LEVERAGE
TOMMOROW’S LECTURE
 Pulley’s ,its types and application
 Anatomical application of lever system and other pulley
system application.
 Read these topics also:
 Pendulum
 Elasticity

By:Dr - Maham Masood

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

By:Dr - Maham Masood

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

By:Dr - Maham Masood

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

LECTURE 3

SPEED OF RELAXED PASSIVE

Speed at which exercises should be

 Decrease in speed ensures time for full range movement.

 Change in Speed or Direction alter velocity.

Rate of change of velocity.

 Momentum generate movement slowly in heavier object

 Reversed effective force of a body.

 For further reduction:

 By the use of oil

 For virtually eliminating all resistance:

 Non slip foot wear

 Rubber ferrules on walking aids.

 Work is done when a force or effort (E) applied at one

(lever is capable of producing movement about a

 EFFORT: Force of muscular contraction.

 WEIGHT : present at the Centre of gravity of

 May be centrally or on the either side.

EFFORT ARM /WEIGHT ARM:

 Length of the Effort’s arm > Weight’s arm = Less effort

M.A is obtained from the 1st order lever (when F is nearer to

 1st Order Lever:

 State of equilibrium can be obtained with or without

 Example: noding movement of head,tilting movements

 Uncommon in the body.

 Flexion at elbow joint.

 Speed and ROM.

 Sugar tongs forceps

You might also like