The British East India Company initially focused on trade and profit rather than educational development in India. They sought to educate the upper and middle classes to help rule India. Later reforms established schools teaching both English and local languages. Lord Macaulay's 1835 policy promoted English education over traditional learning. It established universities, teacher training colleges, and encouraged private schools. Educational reforms expanded access to education but were also criticized for creating clerks to serve British interests.
The British East India Company initially focused on trade and profit rather than educational development in India. They sought to educate the upper and middle classes to help rule India. Later reforms established schools teaching both English and local languages. Lord Macaulay's 1835 policy promoted English education over traditional learning. It established universities, teacher training colleges, and encouraged private schools. Educational reforms expanded access to education but were also criticized for creating clerks to serve British interests.
The British East India Company initially focused on trade and profit rather than educational development in India. They sought to educate the upper and middle classes to help rule India. Later reforms established schools teaching both English and local languages. Lord Macaulay's 1835 policy promoted English education over traditional learning. It established universities, teacher training colleges, and encouraged private schools. Educational reforms expanded access to education but were also criticized for creating clerks to serve British interests.
The British East India Company initially focused on trade and profit rather than educational development in India. They sought to educate the upper and middle classes to help rule India. Later reforms established schools teaching both English and local languages. Lord Macaulay's 1835 policy promoted English education over traditional learning. It established universities, teacher training colleges, and encouraged private schools. Educational reforms expanded access to education but were also criticized for creating clerks to serve British interests.
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British Reforms
Educational Reforms
Initially, the British East India Company was not concerned with the development of the education system because their prime motive was trading and profit-making. To rule in India, they planned to educate a small section of upper and middle classes to create a class “Indian in blood and colour but English in taste” who would act as interpreters between the Government and the masses. Educational Reforms
Lord Hastings established vernacular schools in India. He up the Calcutta Madrasa in
1781 for the study and learning of Persian and Arabic. Lord Macaulay’s Education Policy, 1835. This policy was an attempt to create a system of education that educates only the upper strata of society through English. Persian was abolished as the court language and English become the court language. Printings of English books were made free and available at a very low price. English education was allotted more funds as compared to oriental learning Bendrick (1826-35) established a medical college in Calcutta. Lord Hardie established various school and collages. Educational Reforms
Wood’s Dispatch Scheme recommended the following:
Universities to be set up at the model of London university not to take teaching but undertake exams. Inter. Colleges were to be affiliated with these. There was to be an education department in every province. Training institute for teachers was to be provided. Private enterprise was to be encouraged. A director General was to be coordinate education in various provinces. Educational Reforms
Female education was promoted, and a collage was opened in Calcutta.
In 1904 Universities were changed from examining bodies to teaching bodies. Advantages: Education became common and spread all over India. It also became more organized. British education reforms are often criticized for creating clerks who served the British in smooth running of administration. Social Reforms
Satti was banned.
Highway robbers ‘thugs’ were eliminated. Female infanticide, prevalent in higher caste Rajput was stopped. Human sacrifice offered by some tribes in Orrisa were banned. Slavery was abolished. Inheritance rights were made secure. Widow remarriage act was passed. Factory Act limited the working hours for children. Economic/ Agricultural Reforms:
Permanent Settlement Act 1793
NWFP lands were settled after survey and classification. Rent Act was passed in 1859 when gave protection to tenants. Lord Minto later created an Agriculture department. Punjab Land Alienation Act was passed which helped the tillers of the land. A huge network of canals was developed. The construction of canals and lying of communication links reduced the intensity of famines and damage done by them. Economic/ Agricultural Reforms
Until1897 a policy of indigo plantation was pursued. It
was an exploitation as peasants were forced to grow indigo. It led to a “blue muting”. Indigo commission was formed which supported the Indian peasants. Tea and coffee plantation were promoted which grew quite large
