Çengel

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CHAPTER

5
The Second
Thermodynamics

Law of
Thermodynamics

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 5-1
Work Always Converts Directly and
Completely to Heat, But not the Reverse

(fig. 5-8)
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Thermodynamics

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 5-2
Heat Received by Heat Engine is Partly
Converted to Work, Partly Rejected to Sink

(Fig. 5-9)
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Thermodynamics

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 5-3

Schematic of Steam Power Plant

(Fig. 5-10)
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Thermodynamics

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 5-4
Even the Most Efficient Heat Engines
Reject Most Heat as Waste Heat

(Fig. 5-15)
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Thermodynamics

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 5-5
A Heat-Engine Cycle Must Reject
Some Heat to a Low-Temperature Sink
A heat-engine cycle cannot be completed without rejecting
some heat to a low-temperature sink

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Thermodynamics

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 5-6
The Definition of the heating value
of gasoline

(Fig. 5-21)

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Thermodynamics

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 5-7
The Efficiency of a Cooking
Appliance
The efficiency of a cooking appliance represents the fraction of the
energy supplied to the appliance that is transferred to the food

(Fig. 5-23)
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Thermodynamics

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 5-8
Basic Components of a Refrigeration
System in Typical Conditions

(Fig. 5-25)
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Thermodynamics

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 5-9
Refrigerator’s Objective: Supply
Heat Q H into the Warmer Space

(Fig. 5-26)
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Thermodynamics

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 5-10
Heat Pump’s Objective: Remove
Q L from the Cooled Space

(Fig. 5-27)
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Thermodynamics

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 5-11
A Refrigerator That Violates Claussius
Statement of the Second Law

(Fig. 5-32)
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Thermodynamics

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 5-12
Violating Kelvin-Planck Statement
Leads to Claussius Statement Violation
Proof that the violation of the Kelvin-Planck statement leads
to the violation of the Claussius Statement

(Fig. 5-33)
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Thermodynamics

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 5-13
Execution of the Carnot Cycle in
a Closed System

(Fig. 5-43)
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Thermodynamics

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 5-14

P-v Diagram of the Carnot Cycle

(Fig. 5-44)
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Thermodynamics

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 5-15
P-v Diagram of the Reversed
Carnot Cycle

(Fig. 5-45)
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Thermodynamics

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 5-16
Proof of the First Carnot
Principle

(Fig. 5-47)
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Thermodynamics

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 5-17 Same Efficiency for Reversible Heat
Engines Operating Between Same Two
reservoirs
All Reversible heat engines operating between the same two reservoirs have
the same efficiency (the Second Carnot principle)

(Fig. 5-48)
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Thermodynamics

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 5-18
Heat Engine Arrangement for Developing
Thermodynamic temperature Scale

(Fig. 5-49)
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Thermodynamics

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 5-19
For Reversible Cycles, the Temperature
Ratio can replace the Heat Transfer Ratio
For Reversible cycles, the heat transfer ratio QH/ QL can be replaced
by the absolute temperature ratio TH / TL
(Fig. 5-50)
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Thermodynamics

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 5-20
Reversible Heat Engines have Higher
Efficiency than Other Heat Engines
No heat engine can have a higher efficiency than a Reversible heat engine
operating between the same high- and low-temperature reservoirs

(Fig. 5-53)
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Thermodynamics

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 5-21
The Higher the Temperature of
Thermal Energy, the Higher its Quality

(Fig. 5-56)
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Thermodynamics

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 5-22
A Reversible Refrigerator has
the Highest COP
No Refrigerator can have a higher COP than a Reversible Refrigerator
operating between the same temperature limits

(Fig. 5-57)
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Thermodynamics

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 5-23

The Cross Section of a Refrigerator

The cross section of a Refrigerator showing the relative magnitudes of
various effects that constitute the predictable heat load*

(Fig. 5-61)
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Thermodynamics

Third Edition
* From ASHRAE Handbook of Refrigeration, Chap. 48, Fig. 2
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 5-24

Chapter Summary

Çengel • The second law of thermodynamics states that

Boles
processes occur in a certain direction, not in any
Thermodynamics

direction. A process will not occur unless it

satisfies both the first and the second laws of
thermodynamics. Bodies that can absorb or reject
finite amounts of heat isothermally are called
thermal energy reservoirs or heat reservoirs.

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 5-25

Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles
• Work can be converted to heat directly, but heat
Thermodynamics

can be converted to work only by some devices

called heat engines.

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 5-26

Chapter Summary

• The thermal efficiency of a heat engine is defined

Çengel as
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Thermodynamics

where Wnet, is the net work output of the heat

engine, QH is the amount of heat supplied to the
engine, and QL is the amount of heat rejected by
the engine.
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 5-27

Chapter Summary
• Refrigerators and heat pumps are devices that
absorb heat from low-temperature media and
Çengel reject it to higher-temperature ones. The
Boles performance of a refrigerator or a heat pump is
Thermodynamics

expressed in terms of the coefficient of

performance, which is defined as

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 5-28

Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles
• The Kelvin -Planck statement of the second law of
Thermodynamics

thermodynamics states that no heat engine can

produce a net amount of work while exchanging
heat with a single reservoir only.

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 5-29

Chapter Summary

Çengel • The Clausius statement of the second law states

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that no device can transfer heat from a cooler
Thermodynamics

body to a warmer one without leaving an effect on

the surroundings.

Any device that violates the first or the second law

of thermodynamics is called a perpetual-motion
machine.

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 5-30

Chapter Summary

Çengel • A process is said to be reversible if both the

Boles system and the surroundings can be restored to
Thermodynamics

their original conditions. Any other process is

irreversible. The effects such as friction, non-
quasi-equilibrium expansion or compres-sion, and
heat transfer through a finite temperature
difference render a pro-cess irreversible and are
called irreversibilities.

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 5-31

Chapter Summary

Çengel
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• The Carnot cycle is a reversible cycle that is
Thermodynamics

composed of four reversible processes, two

isothermal and two adiabatic.

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 5-32

Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles • The Carnot principles state that the thermal
efficiencies of all reversible heat engines
Thermodynamics

operating between the same two reservoirs are the

same, and that no heat engine is more efficient
than a reversible one operating between the same
two reservoirs.

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 5-33

Chapter Summary
• These statements form the basis for establishing a
thermodynamic temperature scale related to the
heat transfers between a reversible device and the
Çengel high- and low-temperature reservoirs by
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Thermodynamics

Therefore, the QH/QL ratio can be replaced by TH/TL

for reversible devices, where TH and TL are the
absolute temperatures of the high- and low-
Third Edition temperature reservoirs, respectively.
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 5-34

Chapter Summary
• A heat engine that operates on the reversible
Carnot cycle is called a Carnot heat engine. The
Çengel
thermal efficiency of a Carnot heat engine, as well
Boles as all other reversible heat engines, is given by
Thermodynamics

This is the maximum efficiency a heat engine

operating between two reservoirs at temperatures
TH and TL can have.
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 5-35

Chapter Summary
• The COPs of reversible refrigerators and heat
pumps are given in a similar manner as
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Thermodynamics

and

Again, these are the highest COPs a refrigerator or

a heat pump operating between the temperature
Third Edition limits of TH and TL can have.
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