Gas Mixtures: Çengel Boles

Çengel
Boles
CHAPTER
12
Gas Mixtures
Thermodynamics
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

12-1
Dalton’s Law of Additive Pressures
for the Mixture of Two Ideal Gases
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The
© The
McGraw-Hill
McGraw-Hill
Companies,
Companies,Inc.,1998
Inc.,1998
12-2
Amagat’s Law of Additive Volumes
for the Mixture of Two Ideal Gases
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics
Third Edition

12-3
Compressibility Factors: One Way of
Predicting Real-Gas Mixture P-v-T
(Fig. 12-8)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics
Third Edition

12-4
Another Way of Predicting the P-v-
T Behavior of a Real-Gas Mixture
Treat a real-gas mixture as a pseudopure substance with critical
properties P´cr and T´cr
(Fig. 12-9)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics
Third Edition

12-5
Use of Partial Pressures for
Entropy Evaluation
Partial pressures (not the mixture pressure) are used in the
evaluation of entropy changes of ideal-gas mixtures
(Fig. 12-13)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics
Third Edition

12-6
Chapter Summary
• A mixture of two or more gases of fixed chemical
composition is called a nonreacting gas mixture.
Çengel
The composition of a gas mixture is described by
Boles specifying either the mole fraction or the mass
Thermodynamics
fraction of each component, defined as
where
Third Edition

12-7
Chapter Summary
• The apparent (or average) molar mass and gas

Çengel constant of a mixture are expressed as
Boles
Thermodynamics
and
Third Edition

12-8
Chapter Summary
Çengel
Boles
• Dalton's law of additive pressures states that the
Thermodynamics
pressure of a gas mix-ture is equal to the sum of

the pressures each gas would exert if it existed
alone at the mixture temperature and volume.
Third Edition

12-9
Chapter Summary
Çengel
Boles
• Amagat's law of additive volumes states that the
Thermodynamics
volume of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the

volumes each gas would occupy if it existed alone
at the mixture temperature and pressure.
Third Edition

12-10
Chapter Summary
• Dalton's and Amagat's laws hold exactly for ideal-
gas mixtures, but only approximately for real-gas
mixtures. They can be expressed as
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics
Dalton's law:
Amagat's law:
Third Edition

12-11
Chapter Summary
• Here Pi is called the component pressure and Vi is

Çengel
called the component volume. Also, the ratio Pi/Pm
Boles is called the pressure fraction and the ratio Vi/Vm is
Thermodynamics
called the volume fraction of component i. For

ideal gases, Pi and Vi can be related to yi by
Third Edition

12-12
Chapter Summary
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics
• The quantity yiPm is called the partial pressure and

the quantity yiVm, is called the partial volume.
Third Edition

12-13
Chapter Summary
• The P-v-T behavior of real-gas mixtures can be
predicted by using generalized compressibility
charts. The compressibility factor of the mixture
Çengel
Boles can be expressed in terms of the compressibility
factors of the individual gases as
Thermodynamics
where Z is determined either at Tm and Vm,

(Dalton's law) or at Tm and Pm (Amagat's law) for
each individual gas.
Third Edition

12-14
Chapter Summary
• The P-v-T behavior of a gas mixture can also be

predicted approximately by Kay's rule, which
Çengel
Boles involves treating a gas mixture as a pure
substance with pseudocritical properties
Thermodynamics
determined from
and
Third Edition

12-15
Chapter Summary
• The extensive properties of a gas mixture, in
general, can be determined by summing the
contributions of each component of the mixture.
Çengel
The evaluation of intensive properties of a gas
Boles mixture, however, involves averaging in terms of
mass or mole fractions:
Thermodynamics
Third Edition

12-16
Chapter Summary
and
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics
Third Edition

12-17
Chapter Summary
Çengel
Boles
• These relations are applicable to both ideal- and
Thermodynamics
real-gas mixtures. The properties or property

changes of individual components can be
determined by using ideal-gas or real-gas
relations developed in earlier chapters.
Third Edition

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Çengel

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

fraction of each component, defined as

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

• The apparent (or average) molar mass and gas

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

pressure of a gas mix-ture is equal to the sum of

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

volume of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

• Here Pi is called the component pressure and Vi is

called the volume fraction of component i. For

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

• The quantity yiPm is called the partial pressure and

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

where Z is determined either at Tm and Vm,

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

• The P-v-T behavior of a gas mixture can also be

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

real-gas mixtures. The properties or property

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

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