Refrigeration Cycles: Çengel Boles

Çengel
Boles
CHAPTER
10
Refrigeration
Thermodynamics
Cycles
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

10-1
Refrigerator and Heat Pump
Objectives
The objective of a refrigerator is to remove heat (QL) from the cold medium;
the objective of a heat pump is to supply heat (QH) to a warm medium
(fig. 10-1)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics
Third Edition

10-2
Schmatic and T-s Diagram for Ideal
Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle
(Fig. 10-3)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics
Third Edition

10-3
Ordinary Household Refrigerator
(Fig. 10-4)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics
Third Edition

10-4
P-h Diagram of an Ideal Vapor-
Compression Refrigeration Cycle
(Fig. 10-5)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics
Third Edition

10-5
Schmatic and T-s Diagram for Actual
Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle
(Fig. 10-7)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics
Third Edition

10-6
Heat Pump Heats a House in
Winter and Cools it in Summer
(Fig. 10-9)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics
Third Edition

10-7
Schmatic and T-s Diagram for Refrigerator-
Freezer Unit with One Compressor
(Fig. 10-14)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics
Third Edition

10-8
Linde-Hampson System for
Liquefying Gases
(Fig. 10-15)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics
Third Edition

10-9
Simple Gas Refrigeration Cycle
(Fig. 10-16)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics
Third Edition

10-10
Gas Refrigeration Cycle With
Regeneration
COLD
refrigerated space
(Fig. 10-19)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics
WARM
environment
Third Edition

10-11
Ammonia Absorption Refrigeration
Cycle
(Fig. 10-21)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics
Third Edition

10-12
Schematic of Simple
Thermoelectric Power Generator
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics
Third Edition

10-13
A Thermoelectric Refrigerator
(Fig. 10-28)
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics
Third Edition

10-14
Chapter Summary
Çengel
• The transfer of heat from lower temperature
Boles regions to higher temperature ones is called
Thermodynamics
refrigeration. Devices that produce refrigeration

are called refrigerators, and the cycles on which
they operate are called refrigeration cycles. The
working fluids used in refrigerators are called
refrigerants. Refrigerators used for the purpose of
heating a space by transferring heat from a cooler
medium are called heat pumps.
Third Edition

10-15
Chapter Summary
• The performance of refrigerators and heat pumps

Çengel is expressed in terms of coefficient of
Boles performance (COP), defined as
Thermodynamics
Third Edition

10-16
Chapter Summary
• The standard of comparison for refrigeration

cycles is the reversed Carnot cycle. A refrigerator
Çengel or heat pump that operates on the reversed Carnot
Boles
cycle is called a Carnot refrigerator or a Carnot
Thermodynamics
heat pump, and their COPs are
Third Edition

10-17
Chapter Summary
Çengel • The most widely used refrigeration cycle is the

Boles vapor-compression refrigeration cycle. In an ideal
Thermodynamics
vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, the

refrigerant enters the compressor as a saturated
vapor and is cooled to the saturated liquid state in
the condenser. It is then throttled to the
evaporator pressure and vaporizes as it absorbs
heat from the refrigerated space.
Third Edition

10-18
Chapter Summary
Çengel
Boles • Very low temperatures can be achieved by
Thermodynamics
operating two or more vapor-compression

Systems in series, called cascading. The COP of a
refrigeration system also increases as a result of
cascading.
Third Edition

10-19
Chapter Summary
Çengel • Another way of improving the performance of a

Boles vapor-compression refrigeration system is by
Thermodynamics
using multistage compression with regenerative

cooling. A refrigerator with a single compressor
can provide refrigeration at several temperatures
by throttling the refrigerant in stages. The vapor-
compression refrigeration cycle can also be used
to liquefy gases after some modifications
Third Edition

10-20
Chapter Summary
• The power cycles can be used as refrigeration

cycles by simply reversing them. Of these, the
Çengel reversed Brayton cycle, which is also known as
Boles
the gas refrigeration cycle, is used to cool aircraft
Thermodynamics
and to obtain very low (cryogenic) temperatures

after it is modified with regeneration. The work
output of the turbine can be used to reduce the
work input requirements to the compressor. Thus
the COP of a gas refrigeration cycle is
Third Edition

10-21
Chapter Summary
• Another form of refrigeration that becomes
economically attractive when there is a source of
inexpensive heat energy at a temperature of 100 to
Çengel 2000C is absorption refrigeration, where the
Boles refrigerant is absorbed by a transport medium and
Thermodynamics
compressed in liquid form. The most widely used

absorption refrigeration system is the ammonia-
water system, where ammonia serves as the
refrigerant and water as the transport medium.
The work input to the pump is usually very small,
and the COP of absorption refrigeration systems
is defined as
Third Edition

10-22
Chapter Summary
• The maximum COP an absorption refrigeration

Çengel
system can have is determined by assuming
Boles totally reversible conditions, which yields
Thermodynamics
where T0, TL, and Ts are the absolute temperatures

of the environment, refrigerated space, and heat
source, respectively.
Third Edition

10-23
Chapter Summary
Çengel • A refrigeration effect can also be achieved without

Boles
using any moving parts by simply passing a small
Thermodynamics
current through a closed circuit made up of two

dissimilar materials. This effect is called the
Peltier effect, and a refrigerator that works on this
principle is called a thermoelectric refrigerator.
Third Edition

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Çengel

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

Ordinary Household Refrigerator

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

Simple Gas Refrigeration Cycle

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

refrigeration. Devices that produce refrigeration

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

• The performance of refrigerators and heat pumps

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

• The standard of comparison for refrigeration

heat pump, and their COPs are

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

Çengel • The most widely used refrigeration cycle is the

vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, the

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

operating two or more vapor-compression

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

Çengel • Another way of improving the performance of a

using multistage compression with regenerative

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

• The power cycles can be used as refrigeration

and to obtain very low (cryogenic) temperatures

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

compressed in liquid form. The most widely used

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

• The maximum COP an absorption refrigeration

where T0, TL, and Ts are the absolute temperatures

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

Çengel • A refrigeration effect can also be achieved without

current through a closed circuit made up of two

WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

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