PARAPHRASING

DISCUSSION 19/8
• Citing eBooks with no page

• Citing web pages
• Citing no author
• Citing sources with multiple authors
• Citing secondary or indirect sources
• Citing multiple sources
PARAPHRASING
APA IN-TEXT CITATION
PARAPHRASING THE SOURCES
• When you paraphrase, you use your own words. This is usually
preferable to direct quotes because the information is written in your
own style, but you must be careful not to change the meaning.
• When paraphrasing, you must still acknowledge where you got the
idea from by including a parenthetical citation.
• When citing paraphrased information, APA requires you to include the
author and date.
PARAHPRASING STRATEGIES
1. Changing active voice to passive voice
2. Using synonyms
3. Changing sentence patterns
Strategy 1:
Changing Active Voice to Passive Voice
TYPE SENTENCE
ACTIVE Local prominent academicians conducted several studies on the

impacts of flipped classrooms.
PASSIVE Several studies on the impacts of flipped classrooms were

conducted by local prominent academicians .
Several studies on the impacts of flipped classrooms were

conducted.
Strategy 2: Using Synonyms
• A synonym is a word that has similar meaning.
• To paraphrase, use synonyms to replace the single words or use
clusters of words which convey the same meaning as the original
words.
ORIGINAL SENTENCE The majority of the participants are men.
PARAPHRASED SENTENCE More than half of the participants are men.

Strategy 3: Changing Sentence Patterns
Sentence patterns can be changed when paraphrasing. For example, if
in the original text, the writer uses a compound sentence, you can
paraphrase that sentence by writing it as two simple sentences.
ORIGINAL SENTENCE PARAPHRASED SENTENCE
Although, they attended my They came for my convocation.

graduation, they forgot to buy a However, it slipped their minds to
bouquet of flowers for me. purchase a bunch of flowers for me.
POOR PARAPHRASING
• Look at the sample below, do you think the sentence is poorly
paraphrased? Why?
ORIGINAL TEXT POORLY PARAPHRASED TEXT
The poor students’ achievements surprised The poor students’ success astonished their
their teacher. She attributed her students’ teacher. She regarded her students’ success
success to their diligence and the support to their hard work and the support given by
given by the school (Kash, 2006) the school.
COMPARE
•ORIGINAL TEXT
•POORLY PARAPHRASED TEXT
ORIGINAL TEXT PARAPHRASED TEXT
The poor students’ achievements According to Kash (2016), the teacher was
surprised their teacher. She attributed astonished by her less fortunate pupils’
her students’ success to their diligence accomplishments. The teacher explained
and the support given by the school that the pupils’ key factors of success
(Kash, 2006) were their perseverance and the school’s
assistance.
STEPS TO PARAPHRASE EFFECTIVELY
STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3
• Read the • Identify the • Rewrite the

text main ideas main ideas
and and
supporting supporting
details details using
your own
words by
employing
the
paraphrasin
g strategies
STEPS TO PARAPHRASE EFFECTIVELY
STEP 4 STEP 5
• Check your points • Start writing

against the your
original text. Has paraphrased
any information text and cite the
been left out? original writer or
source of work.
TASK : PARAPHRASE THE FOLLOWING
PARAGRAPH
It is common for a writer to face writer’s block. Writer’s block is the situation where a writer is
staring at a blank piece of paper or an empty computer screen and is unable to write anything.
There are several ways to overcome writer’s block. A writer can bring along a small notebook
everywhere he or she goes. Whenever an idea comes to mind, it is easier for him or her to record
the idea. A writer can exercise by doing a physical activity that will stimulate his or her mental
activity. Physical activities could help in generating new ideas. A writer can have a change of place to
write. He or she can also have a short break by going to another place or just walking around his or
her place. The last suggestion is a writer can start the writing process by working on the other parts
of the text other than the introduction. Some writers confess that writing the introduction of their
text is more difficult than the other parts. (Cornwall, 2016)

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DISCUSSION 19/8

• Citing eBooks with no page

ACTIVE Local prominent academicians conducted several studies on the

PASSIVE Several studies on the impacts of flipped classrooms were

Several studies on the impacts of flipped classrooms were

ORIGINAL SENTENCE The majority of the participants are men.

PARAPHRASED SENTENCE More than half of the participants are men.

Although, they attended my They came for my convocation.

STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3

• Read the • Identify the • Rewrite the

• Check your points • Start writing

text is more difficult than the other parts. (Cornwall, 2016)

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