Human Computer Interaction: University of Hargeisa

University of Hargeisa
Human Computer
Interaction
• LECTURER
• Sir. Ali Hassan Ahmed
 MA (Human Resource Management) University
Technology Malaysia
 BSc (Computer Science) International Islamic

University Malaysia.
 Email: aalij10@gmail.com
 Mobile: 063 – 443 2 468
2
Course Description
• This course is designed to familiarize the
students with various concepts and techniques
for understanding user needs, interface design
and prototyping, and interface evaluation.
Major topics to be covered in this course
include: human aspects of HCI, interface
aspects of HCI, interaction aspects of HCI,
data gathering and analysis tools for
understanding user requirements,
design/prototyping, and various evaluation
techniques.
Course Learning Outcomes
(CLOs)
By the completion of the course the students should be able to:
• gain an understanding of human-computer interaction
principles,
• Understand UI problems, issues, and challenges
• Learn and apply basic principles of design psychology
• Become familiar with basic underlying principles and models
• identify the impact of system design on users’ attitudes and
behaviors,
• recognize the importance of needs requirements, prototyping,
and evaluation
• Understand user-centered design and evaluation processes,
• Apply user-centered design processes in designing and building
systems
Chapter #1
Introduction
Importance of Interface Design
What is Interaction Design?
What is interaction design?
• Designing interactive products to

support people in their everyday
and working lives
– Sharp, Rogers and Preece (2002)
• The design of spaces for human

communication and interaction
– Winograd (1997)
Goals of interaction design
• Develop usable products

– Usability means easy to learn,
effective to use and provide an
enjoyable experience
• Involve users in the design process
What to design
• Need to take into account:
– Who the users are
– What activities are being carried out
– Where the interaction is taking place
• Need to optimise the interactions users

have with a product
– Such that they match the users activities
and needs
Understanding users’ needs
– Need to take into account what people are
good and bad at
– Consider what might help people in the

way they currently do things
– Listen to what people want and get them

involved
– Use tried and tested user-based methods

Activity
• How does making a call differ

when using a:
– Cell phone
– Public phone box?
• Consider the kinds of user, type of
activity and context of use
What is an interface?
?
From HCI to Interaction Design
• Human-computer interaction (HCI) is:
“concerned with the design, evaluation and
implementation of interactive computing systems for
human use and with the study of major phenomena
surrounding them” (ACM SIGCHI, 1992, p.6)
• Interaction design (ID) is:

“the design of spaces for human communication and
interaction”
– Winograd (1997)
• Increasingly, more application areas, more technologies

and more issues to consider when designing ‘interfaces’
Relationship between ID, HCI
and other fields
Academic
disciplines
Design practices
(e.g. computer
(e.g. graphic design)
science,
psychology)
Interaction
Design
Interdisciplinary fields
(e.g HCI)
and other fields
• Academic disciplines contributing
to ID:
– Psychology
– Social Sciences
– Computing Sciences
– Engineering
– Ergonomics
– Informatics
and other fields
• Design practices contributing to
ID:
– Graphic design
– Product design
– Artist-design
– Industrial design
– Film industry
and other fields
• Interdisciplinary fields that ‘do’

interaction design:
– HCI
– Human Factors
– Cognitive Engineering
– Cognitive Ergonomics
– Computer Supported Co-operative Work
– Information Systems
How easy is it to work in
multidisciplinary teams?
• More people involved in doing

interaction design the more ideas and
designs generated…but…
• The more difficult it can be to

communicate and progress forwards the
designs being created
What do professionals do in the
ID business?
• interaction designers - people involved in the design of all
the interactive aspects of a product
• usability engineers - people who focus on evaluating

products, using usability methods and principles
• web designers - people who develop and create the visual

design of websites, such as layouts
• information architects - people who come up with ideas of

how to plan and structure interactive products
• user experience designers - people who do all the above but

who may also carry out field studies to inform the design of
products
What is involved in the process
of interaction design
• Identify needs and establish

requirements
• Develop alternative designs
• Build interactive prototypes that can be
communicated and assessed
• Evaluate what is being built throughout
the process
Core characteristics of
interaction design
• users should be involved through the
development of the project
• specific usability and user experience
goals need to be identified, clearly
documented and agreed at the
beginning of the project
• iteration is needed through the core
activities
Usability goals
• Effective to use
• Efficient to use
• Safe to use
• Have good utility
• Easy to learn
• Easy to remember how to use
Design principles
• Generalizable abstractions for thinking
about different aspects of design
• The do’s and don’ts of interaction design
• What to provide and what not to provide
at the interface
• Derived from a mix of theory-based
knowledge, experience and common-
sense
Constraints
• Restricting the possible actions that can
be performed
• Helps prevent user from selecting
incorrect options
• Three main types (Norman, 1999)
– physical
– cultural
– logical
Physical constraints
• Refer to the way physical objects
restrict the movement of things
– E.g. only one way you can insert a key into
a lock
• How many ways can you insert a CD or
DVD disk into a computer?
• How physically constraining is this
action?
• How does it differ from the insertion of a
floppy disk into a computer?
Logical constraints
• Exploits people’s everyday common
sense reasoning about the way the
world works
• An example is they logical relationship

between physical layout of a device and
the way it works as the next slide
illustrates
Mapping
• Relationship between controls and

their movements and the results
in the world
• Why is this a poor mapping of
control buttons?
Mapping
• Why is this a better mapping?
• The control buttons are mapped better

onto the sequence of actions of fast
rewind, rewind, play and fast forward
Consistency
• Design interfaces to have similar
operations and use similar elements for
similar tasks
• For example:
– always use ctrl key plus first initial of the
command for an operation – ctrl+C, ctrl+S,
ctrl+O
• Main benefit is consistent interfaces are
easier to learn and use
When consistency breaks
down
• What happens if there is more than one
command starting with the same letter?
– e.g. save, spelling, select, style
• Have to find other initials or
combinations of keys, thereby breaking
the consistency rule
– E.g. ctrl+S, ctrl+Sp, ctrl+shift+L
• Increases learning burden on user,
making them more prone to errors
Activity
– Physical affordances:
How do the following physical objects
afford? Are they obvious?
Activity
– Virtual affordances
How do the following screen objects
afford?
What if you were a novice user?
Would you know what to do with them?
Usability principles
• Similar to design principles, except

more prescriptive
• Used mainly as the basis for
evaluating systems
• Provide a framework for heuristic
evaluation
Verse of the Day
• Almighty Allah Said:
• “17. O my son, observe the prayer, advocate
righteousness, forbid evil, and be patient over what
has befallen you. These are of the most honorable
traits.
• 18. And do not treat people with arrogance, nor walk
proudly on earth. God does not love the arrogant
showoffs.
• 19. And moderate your stride, and lower your voice.
The most repulsive of voices is the donkey’s voice.”
» Surat Luqman

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University of Hargeisa

 BSc (Computer Science) International Islamic

• Designing interactive products to

• The design of spaces for human

• Develop usable products

• Need to optimise the interactions users

– Consider what might help people in the

– Listen to what people want and get them

– Use tried and tested user-based methods

• How does making a call differ

• Interaction design (ID) is:

• Increasingly, more application areas, more technologies

• Interdisciplinary fields that ‘do’

• More people involved in doing

• The more difficult it can be to

• usability engineers - people who focus on evaluating

• web designers - people who develop and create the visual

• information architects - people who come up with ideas of

• user experience designers - people who do all the above but

• Identify needs and establish

• An example is they logical relationship

• Relationship between controls and

• The control buttons are mapped better

• Similar to design principles, except

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