UNIT IV

LIST, TUPLE AND DICTIONARIES

Lists: list operations, list slices, list methods, traversing, mutability,

aliasing, list arguments, list comprehension; Tuples: tuple
assignment, tuple as return value; Dictionaries: operations and
functions, Looping and dictionaries, histogram.
 Python - List

• In Python, the list is a mutable sequence type. Lists

are used to store multiple items in a single
variable.
• A list object contains one or more items of different
data types in the square brackets [] separated by a
comma.
• List items can be accessed using a zero-based
index in the square brackets []. Indexes start
from zero and increment by one for each item.
• A list can contain multiple inner lists as items
that can be accessed using indexes.
 List Length

• To determine how many items a list has, use

the len() function:
Example
• Print the number of items in the list:
 Python - Access List Items

Access Items
• List items are indexed and you can access
them by referring to the index number:
• The first item has index 0.
 Negative Indexing

• Negative indexing means start from the end

• -1 refers to the last item, -2 refers to the
second last item etc.
Example
 Range of Indexes
• You can specify a range of indexes by specifying
where to start and where to end the range.
• The return value will be a new list with the specified
items.
Example
• Return the third, fourth, and fifth item:
• Note: The search will start at index 2 (included) and
end at index 5 (not included).
• By leaving out the start value, the range will
start at the first item:
Example
• This example returns the items from the
beginning to, but NOT including, "kiwi":
• By leaving out the end value, the range will go
on to the end of the list:
Example
• This example returns the items from "cherry"
to the end:
 Range of Negative Indexes

• Specify negative indexes if you want to start

the search from the end of the list:
Example
• This example returns the items from "orange"
(-4) to, but NOT including "mango" (-1):
 Change a Range of Item Values

• To change the value of items within a specific

range, define a list with the new values, and
refer to the range of index numbers where
you want to insert the new values:
Example
• Change the values "banana" and "cherry" with
the values "blackcurrant" and "watermelon":
 Insert Items

• To insert a new list item, without replacing any

of the existing values, we can use the insert()
method.
• The insert() method inserts an item at the
specified index:
Example
• Insert "watermelon" as the third item:
 Python - Add List Items(Append Items)

• To add an item to the end of the list, use the

append() method:
• Example
• Using the append() method to append an
item:
 Insert Items

• To insert a list item at a specified index, use

the insert() method.
• The insert() method inserts an item at the
specified index:
Example
 Extend List

• To append elements from another list to the

current list, use the extend() method.
Example
• Add the elements of tropical to thislist:
 Add Any Iterable

• The extend() method, you can add any iterable

object (tuples, sets, dictionaries etc.).
 Python - Remove List Items

• The remove() method removes the specified

item.
Example
• Remove "banana":
• The pop() method removes the specified
index.
Example
• Remove the second item:
• If you do not specify the index, the pop()
method removes the last item.
Example
• Remove the last item:
• The del keyword also removes the specified
index:
• The del keyword can also delete the list
completely.
 Clear the List

• The clear() method empties the list.

• The list still remains, but it has no content.
Example
• Clear the list content:
 Python - Sort Lists

• sort() method that will sort the list

alphanumerically, ascending, by default:
 Sort descending
• To sort descending, use the keyword argument
reverse = True:
 Case Insensitive Sort

• By default the sort() method is case sensitive,

resulting in all capital letters being sorted
before lower case letters:
Example
• Case sensitive sorting can give an unexpected
result:
• Luckily we can use built-in functions as key
functions when sorting a list.
• So if you want a case-insensitive sort function,
use str.lower as a key function:
Example
• Perform a case-insensitive sort of the list:
 Reverse Order

• The reverse() method reverses the current

sorting order of the elements.
Example
• Reverse the order of the list items:
 Python - Copy Lists

• One way is to use the built-in List method

copy().
Example
• Make a copy of a list with the copy() method
• Another way to make a copy is to use the
built-in method list().
Example
• Make a copy of a list with the list() method:
 Python - Join Lists

Join Two Lists

• There are several ways to join, or concatenate, two
or more lists in Python.
• One of the easiest ways are by using the + operator.
Example
• Join two list:
• you can use the extend() method, which
purpose is to add elements from one list to
another list:
Example
• Use the extend() method to add list2 at the
end of list1:
 List Class

• All the list objects are the objects of

the list class in Python. Use
the list() constructor to convert from other
sequence types such as tuple, set, dictionary,
string to list.
 Traversing a list
• The most common way to traverse the
elements of a list is with a for loop.
•  It is advisable that you know how the for loop
 works in Python. It will help you learn the
looping basics and techniques for fast
traversing.
 Traverse a list of different items

• You have a list that contains strings and

numbers. And you have to iterate each element
one by one.
• So, you should be using the for loop in the
following manner:
 Example to iterate the list from end using for loop

• we’ll see how to print each item of the list in the

reverse order Using the reversed() function
Reverse a list in for loop using slice operator
 Example of Python for loop to iterate in
sorted order
• Python provides the sorted() function. It
modifies the order of a sequence.
 Using for loop to enumerate the list with index

• The enumerate() function adds a counter to

an iterable and returns it as an enumerate
object.
• By default, enumerate() starts counting at 0
but if you add a second argument start, it’ll
start from that number instead.
Basic example
Specify Different Start
 Iterate Enumerate Object
• When you iterate an enumerate object, you
get a tuple containing (counter, item)
Example-Using for loop to enumerate the list with index
 Iterate multiple lists with for loop in Python

• Python for loop for traversing more than one

lists at a time.
• Imagine a scenario, you have a sequence of
countries and also have another list of
capitals. Now, you have to print a summary of
countries with their capital cities.
 Python zip() Function

• Combines multiple iterables together

Usage:
• The zip() function combines items from each of the specified
iterables.
• The return value is a list of tuples where the items of each
passed iterable at same index are paired together.
Basic Example
 Multiple Iterables

• You can pass as many iterables you want to

the zip() function.
 Iterables with Different Length

• If you pass iterables having different length,

the iterable with least items decides the
length of the resulting iterable.
 Unzip/Unpack Zipped Items

• zip() in conjunction with the * operator can be

used to unzip a list:
 Common Use

• You can create a dictionary with list of zipped

keys and values.
• Using zip() function you can loop through
multiple lists at once.
Example
 List Comprehensions in Python

• List comprehensions provide a concise way to create

lists.
• It consists of brackets containing an expression
followed by a for clause, then
zero or more for or if clauses. The expressions can be
anything, meaning you can
put in all kinds of objects in lists.
• The result will be a new list resulting from evaluating
the expression in the context of the for and if clauses
which follow it.
• The list comprehension always returns a result list.
Syntax
• Let’s break this down and see what it does.
Example-Create a simple list
 Create a list using loops and list comprehension

• For the next example, assume we want to

create a list of squares. Start with an empty
list.
 Multiplying parts of a list

• Multiply every part of a list by three and

assign it to a new list.
 Show the first letter of each word

• We will take the first letter of each word and

make a list out of it.
Lower/Upper case converter
 Print numbers only from a given string

• This example show how to extract all the

numbers from a string.
Using list comprehension in functions
 Tuple

• Tuples are used to store multiple items in a

single variable.
• A tuple is a collection which is ordered and
unchangeable.
• Tuples are written with round brackets.
 Tuple

• Tuples allow duplicate values

• len() function-Print the number of items in the
tuple
 Create Tuple With One Item

• To create a tuple with only one item, you have

to add a comma after the item, otherwise
Python will not recognize it as a tuple.
 Tuple - data types
• A tuple can contain different data types:
 Python - Access Tuple Items

• You can access tuple items by referring to the

index number, inside square brackets
• Negative indexing means start from the end.
• -1 refers to the last item, -2 refers to the
second last item etc.
 Range of Indexes

• You can specify a range of indexes by

specifying where to start and where to end
the range.
Range of Negative Indexes
 Check if Item Exists

• To determine if a specified item is present in a

tuple use the in keyword
• Check if "apple" is present in the tuple
 Python - Update Tuples

• Tuples are unchangeable, meaing that you

cannot change, add, or remove items once the
tuple is created.
• You can convert the tuple into a list, change
the list, and convert the list back into a tuple.
 Add Items

• Once a tuple is created, you cannot add items

to it.
• Convert the tuple into a list, add "orange", and
convert it back into a tuple:
Remove Items
• The del keyword can delete the tuple
completely:
 Unpacking a Tuple

• When we create a tuple, we normally assign

values to it. This is called "packing" a tuple
• But, in Python, we are also allowed to extract
the values back into variables. This is called
"unpacking"
 Using Asterix*

• If the number of variables is less than the

number of values, you can add an * to the
variable name and the values will be assigned
to the variable as a list
• Assign the rest of the values as a list called
"red":
 Python - Join Tuples

Join Two Tuples

• To join two or more tuples you can use the +
operator:
 Python Dictionaries

• Dictionaries are used to store data values in

key:value pairs.
• A dictionary is a collection which is unordered,
changeable and does not allow duplicates.
• Dictionaries are written with curly brackets, and have
keys and values:
• For example, Create and print a dictionary
 Python Dictionaries

• Unordered-it means that the items does not

have a defined order, you cannot refer to an
item by using an index.
• Changeable-meaning that we can change, add
or remove items after the dictionary has been
created.
• Duplicates Not Allowed-Dictionaries cannot
have two items with the same key
• Duplicate values will overwrite existing values
 Dictionary Items

• Dictionary items are presented in key:value

pairs, and can be referred to by using the key
name.
 Dictionary Length

• Len()-Print the number of items in the

dictionary
Dictionary Items - Data Types
 Python Collections (Arrays)

• There are four collection data types in the Python

programming language:
• List is a collection which is ordered and changeable.
Allows duplicate members.
• Tuple is a collection which is ordered and
unchangeable. Allows duplicate members.
• Set is a collection which is unordered and unindexed.
No duplicate members.
• Dictionary is a collection which is unordered and
changeable. No duplicate members.
 Python - Access Dictionary Items

• You can access the items of a dictionary by

referring to its key name, inside square
brackets
 get()
• There is also a method called get() that will
give you the same result
 keys()
• The keys() method will return a list of all the
keys in the dictionary.
• Add a new item to the original dictionary, and
see that the keys list gets updated as well
 values()
• The values() method will return a list of all the
values in the dictionary
 items()
• The items() method will return each item in a
dictionary, as tuples in a list.
 Python - Change Dictionary Items

• You can change the value of a specific item by

referring to its key name
 Update Dictionary

• The update() method will update the dictionary with

the items from the given argument.
• The argument must be a dictionary, or an iterable
object with key:value pairs.
 Python - Add Dictionary Items

• Adding an item to the dictionary is done by

using a new index key and assigning a value to
it
Another example
 Python - Remove Dictionary Items

• There are several methods to remove items

from a dictionary
• The pop() method removes the item with the
specified key name
• The popitem() method removes the last
inserted item (in versions before 3.7, a
random item is removed instead)
• The del keyword removes the item with the
specified key name
• The del keyword can also delete the dictionary
completely
• The clear() method empties the dictionary
 Python - Copy Dictionaries
• You cannot copy a dictionary simply by typing
dict2 = dict1, because: dict2 will only be a
reference to dict1, and changes made in dict1
will automatically also be made in dict2.
• There are ways to make a copy, one way is to
use the built-in Dictionary method copy().
• Another way to make a copy is to use the
built-in function dict()
 Python - Nested Dictionaries

• A dictionary can contain dictionaries, this is

called nested dictionaries.
• Example
• Create a dictionary that contain three
dictionaries:
 Python Sets

• Sets are used to store multiple items in a single variable.

• Set items are unordered, unchangeable, and do not allow duplicate
values.
• Unordered
• Unordered means that the items in a set do not have a defined order.
• Set items can appear in a different order every time you use them,
and cannot be referred to by index or key.
• Unchangeable
• Sets are unchangeable, meaning that we cannot change the items
after the set has been created.
• Once a set is created, you cannot change its items, but you can add
new items.
• Sets are written with curly brackets.
Duplicates Not Allowed
Sets cannot have two items with the samevalue.
• len() method-Get the number of items in a set
• A set can contain different data types
• type()-sets are defined as objects with the
data type 'set‘
 The set() Constructor

• set() constructor-Using the set() constructor to

make a set
 Python - Access Set Items

• You cannot access items in a set by referring

to an index or a key.
• But you can loop through the set items using
a for loop, or ask if a specified value is present
in a set, by using the in keyword.
 Python - Add Set Itmes

• Once a set is created, you cannot change its

items, but you can add new items.
• To add one item to a set use the add()
method.
 Add Sets

• To add items from another set into the current

set, use the update() method.
 Python - Remove Set Items

• To remove an item in a set, use the remove(),

or the discard() method.
• If the item to remove does not exist, remove() will
raise an error.
•  If the item to remove does not
exist, discard() will NOT raise an error.
• pop()-method to remove an item, but this
method will remove the last item.
• Remember that sets are unordered, so you
will not know what item that gets removed.
• The return value of the pop() method is the
removed item.
• The clear() method empties the set
• The del keyword will delete the set completely
 Python - Loop Sets

• Loop through the set, and print the values

 Python - Join Sets

• There are several ways to join two or more

sets in Python.
• The union() method returns a new set with all
items from both sets
• The update() method inserts the items in set2
into set1
• Both union() and update() will exclude any
duplicate items.
 Keep ONLY the Duplicates

• The intersection_update() method will keep

only the items that are present in both sets.
• The intersection() method will return
a new set, that only contains the items that
are present in both sets.
 Keep All, But NOT the Duplicates

• The symmetric_difference_update() method
will keep only the elements that are NOT
present in both sets.
• The symmetric_difference() method will
return a new set, that contains only the
elements that are NOT present in both sets.
 What is a Histogram?

• A histogram is the graphical representation of

data where data is grouped into continuous
number ranges and each range corresponds
to a vertical bar.
• The horizontal axis displays the number range
and the vertical axis (frequency) represents
the amount of data that is present in each
range.
Histogram Example
Write a Python program to create a histogram
from a given list of integers.
Write a Python program to create a histogram
from a given list of integers.
Python Program to Print Histogram of Frequencies of Characters in
String