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    Grade 11 Chem Atomic Structure 3

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    H626 SUDDHERSHAN S
    The document discusses the discovery of electrons and other subatomic particles through experiments using cathode ray tubes. Key findings include: 1) Early experiments with cathode ray tubes led to the discovery that cathode rays are composed of negatively charged particles called electrons. 2) Experiments determined the charge and mass of electrons and established their very small size. 3) Further experiments discovered positively charged particles called protons and uncharged particles called neutrons inside the atom's nucleus. 4) These discoveries led to the development of modern theories of atomic structure that explain the composition and behavior of atoms in terms of their subatomic particles.

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    Grade 11 Chem Atomic Structure 3

    Uploaded by

    H626 SUDDHERSHAN S
    20 views68 pages
    The document discusses the discovery of electrons and other subatomic particles through experiments using cathode ray tubes. Key findings include: 1) Early experiments with cathode ray tubes led to the discovery that cathode rays are composed of negatively charged particles called electrons. 2) Experiments determined the charge and mass of electrons and established their very small size. 3) Further experiments discovered positively charged particles called protons and uncharged particles called neutrons inside the atom's nucleus. 4) These discoveries led to the development of modern theories of atomic structure that explain the composition and behavior of atoms in terms of their subatomic particles.

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    The document discusses the discovery of electrons and other subatomic particles through experiments using cathode ray tubes. Key findings include: 1) Early experiments with cathode ray tubes led to the discovery that cathode rays are composed of negatively charged particles called electrons. 2) Experiments determined the charge and mass of electrons and established their very small size. 3) Further experiments discovered positively charged particles called protons and uncharged particles called neutrons inside the atom's nucleus. 4) These discoveries led to the development of modern theories of atomic structure that explain the composition and behavior of atoms in terms of their subatomic particles.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    20 views68 pages

    Grade 11 Chem Atomic Structure 3

    Uploaded by

    H626 SUDDHERSHAN S
    The document discusses the discovery of electrons and other subatomic particles through experiments using cathode ray tubes. Key findings include: 1) Early experiments with cathode ray tubes led to the discovery that cathode rays are composed of negatively charged particles called electrons. 2) Experiments determined the charge and mass of electrons and established their very small size. 3) Further experiments discovered positively charged particles called protons and uncharged particles called neutrons inside the atom's nucleus. 4) These discoveries led to the development of modern theories of atomic structure that explain the composition and behavior of atoms in terms of their subatomic particles.

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    GRADE 11

    UNIT 2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE


    Discovery of Electron
    • In mid 1850s many scientists mainly Faraday
    began to study electrical discharge in partially
    evacuated tubes, known as cathode ray
    discharge tubes
    Cathode ray discharge tube
    CATHODE RAYS
    • When sufficiently high voltage is applied
    across the electrodes, current starts flowing
    through a stream of particles moving in the
    tube from the negative electrode (cathode) to
    the positive electrode (anode).
    • These were called cathode rays or cathode ray
    particles.
    A cathode ray discharge tube with
    perforated anode
    CATHODE RAYS
    • The flow of current from cathode to anode
    was further checked by making a hole in the
    anode and coating the tube behind anode
    with phosphorescent material zinc sulphide.
    • When these rays, after passing through anode,
    strike the zinc sulphide coating, a bright spot is
    developed on the coating.
    PROPERTIES OF CATHODE RAYS

    The cathode rays start from cathode and


    move towards the anode.
    (ii) These rays themselves are not visible but
    their behaviour can be observed with the
    help of certain kind of materials
    (fluorescent or phosphorescent) which
    glow when hit by them. Television picture
    tubes are cathode ray tubes and
    television pictures result due to
    fluorescence on the television screen
    coated with certain fluorescent or
    phosphorescent materials.
    PROPERTIES OF CATHODE RAYS

    In the absence of electrical or magnetic


    field, these rays travel in straight lines
    .
    (iv) In the presence of electrical or magnetic
    field, the behaviour of cathode rays are
    similar to that expected from negatively
    charged particles, suggesting that the
    cathode rays consist of negatively
    charged particles, called electrons.
    ELECTRON
    • The characteristics of cathode rays (electrons)
    do not depend upon the material of
    electrodes and the nature of the gas present
    in the cathode ray tube.
    • Thus, we can conclude that electrons are basic
    constituent of all the atoms.
    The charge to the mass ratio of electron
    DEVIATIONS
    • The magnitude of the • The mass of the particle —
    negative charge on the lighter the particle, greater
    the deflection.
    particle, greater the
    • The strength of the electrical
    magnitude of the or magnetic field — the
    charge on the particle, deflection of electrons from
    greater is the its original path increases
    interaction with the with the increase in the
    electric or magnetic voltage across the
    field and thus greater is electrodes, or the strength
    of the magnetic field.
    the deflection.
    The charge to the mass ratio of electron
    • Where me is the mass
    othe electron in kg and
    e is the magnitude of
    the charge on the
    electron in coulomb (C).
    • Since electrons are
    negatively charged, the
    charge on electron is -e.
    MASS OF ELECTRON
    • R.A. Millikan (1868-1953) devised a
    method known as oil drop
    experiment (1906-14), to
    determine the charge on the
    electrons.
    • He found the charge on the
    electron to be – 1.6 × 10–19 C.
    • The present accepted value of
    electrical charge is – 1.602176 ×
    10–19 C.
    • The mass of the electron (me ) was
    determined by combining these
    results with Thomson’s value of
    e/me ratio.
    PROTONS
    • Electrical discharge • Unlike cathode rays, mass of
    carried out in the positively charged particles
    modified cathode ray depends upon the nature of
    gas present in the cathode
    tube led to the discovery ray tube.
    of canal rays carrying • These are simply the
    positively charged positively charged gaseous
    particles. ions.
    • The characteristics of • (ii) The charge to mass ratio
    these positively charged of the particles depends on
    particles are listed below. the gas from which these
    originate.
    PROTONS
    • (iii) Some of the positively • The smallest and
    charged particles carry a lightest positive ion was
    multiple of the obtained from hydrogen
    fundamental unit of and was called proton.
    electrical charge.
    • This positively charged
    • (iv) The behaviour of
    particle was
    these particles in the
    magnetic or electrical field characterised in 1919
    is opposite to that
    observed for electron or
    cathode rays
    Neutrons
    • Particles were discovered • He named these
    by Chadwick (1932) by particles as neutrons
    bombarding a thin sheet
    of beryllium by α-particles.
    • When electrically neutral
    particles having a mass
    slightly greater than that
    of protons were emitted.
    He named these
    • particles as neutrons
    SUB ATOMIC PARTICLES
    ATOM
    • Indivisible particle of matter.
    • It contains Protons (+) charge , Electrons (-)
    charge, Neutrons of no charge
    • Atomic number Z = No of protons (or) No of
    electrons of the atom
    • Mass number A= No of Protons + No of
    Neutrons
    ATOM
    DALTON’S MODEL OF AN ATOM
    THOMSON’S MODEL
    RUTHERFORD’S α PARTICLES EXPERIMENT
    RUTHERFORD’S MODEL
    BHOR’S MODEL
    LIMITATIONS OF BHOR'S MODEL
    DEVELOPMENT OF BHOR'S MODEL
    ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
    WAVE MOTION
    MOTION OF ELECTROMAGENTIC WAVE
    SPECTRUM OF RADIATION
    SPECTRUM
    PARTICLE NATURE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
    RADIATION
    CHANGE OF RADIATION
    CHANGE OF RADIATION
    CHANGE OF RADIATION
    QUANTA
    QUANTA
    WAVE NATURE
    PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
    PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
    PARTICLE NATURE
    PARTICLE NATURE
    SPECTRUM
    SPECTRUM
    EMISSION SPECTRUM
    SPECTROSCOPY
    SPECTRUM
    SPECTRUM
    HYDROGEN SPECTRUM
    SPECTRAL LINES OF ATOMIC HYDROGEN
    LINE SPECTRUM
    DEVELOPMENT OF ATOMIC MODEL
    RELATION BETWEEN TWO NATURE
    UNCERTANITY PRINCIPLE
    ADVANTAE OF UNCERTANITY PRINCIPLE
    ADVANTAGE OF UNCERTANITY PRICIPLE
    INTRODUCTION OF QUANTUM MECHANICS
    QUANTUM MECHANICS
    ORBITAL
    • Orbital is a three dimentional space around
    the nuclues where the probability of finding
    the electron is maximum
    • Orbit =Orbital= Shell
    ORBITALS
    PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER
    AZIMUTHAL QUANTUM NUMBER
    AZIMUTHAL QUANTUM NUMBER

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