UNIT 3 B Disinfection and Water Distribution System

Unit -3B
Distribution of water
Professor, Civil Engineering Department

Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon
Distribution of Water
The water distribution systems are designed to adequately
satisfy the water requirement for a combination of
domestic, commercial ,industrial and fire fighting purpose.
Performance of distribution system can be judged on the

basis of the pressure available in the system for a specific
rate of flow.
The distribution system consists of a network of pipes and

appurtenances, for transporting the water from purification
plant to the consumers taps. It also includes the design and
operation of storage or balancing reservoir.
Good distribution system should satisfy
the following Requirement:
• Water quality should not get deteriorated in the distribution
pipes.
• Every consumer should get sufficient water at desired
pressure.
• The design and layout should be economical.
• Maintenance should be easy and economical.
• It should be so laid that during repairs, it does not cause
obstruction to traffic.
• All the pipes should be of good quality and leakage through
the joints should be minimum.
• All distribution pipes should be preferably laid one metre
away or above the sewer lines.
Objectives of water distribution system
• To convey the water to point of need from the
treatment plant.
• To preserve the quality of water after treatment
up to the consumers end.
• To ensure sufficient pressure and discharge, at all
places during all times.
• It must be capable of meeting the emergency
demand of fire fighting.
Water distribution system usually accounts for
40% to 70% of the total cost of the water
supply scheme. Hence, proper design and
layout of the scheme is of great importance.
Methods of Distribution
• Gravity system
• Combined gravity and pumping system
• Pumping
Gravity System
Combined gravity and pumping system
Pumping System
Pressure in the Distribution mains
• Adequate pressure should be available at all points

located even at the remotest spots.
• Desired pressure depends upon :
i)The height to which water is required to be supplied
ii) Whether the supply is metered or not.
iii) Fire fighting requirements
iv)Availability of funds
Following pressures are considered
satisfactory
• Residential Districts
Up to 3 storey height : 2 kg/cm 2
3 to 6 storey height : 2 to 4 kg/cm 2
6 to 10 storey height : 4 to 5.5 kg/cm 2
Above 10 storey : 5.5 to 7 kg/cm 2
• Commercial Districts: 5 kg/cm2
In Towns with single storey buildings, a minimum of 1 kg/cm2

pressure should be available.
Velocities in pipes of different Diameter
Pipe ,Diameter (cm) Velocity (m/sec)
10 0.9
15 1.2
25 1.5
40 1.8
A minimum velocity of 0.6 m/sec should be maintained.

Systems of water supply
• Continuous system
• Intermittent system
• Drawbacks of Intermittent system
i) Fire demand
ii) Storage
iii) Pollution in supply
iv)Size of pipe
v)Wastage from water taps
vi) Staff requirement
Storage and Distribution Reservoirs
• Clear water storage reservoir are required for storage of
treated water until it is pumped into the service reservoir
or distribution reservoirs.
• The pumps may generally works for 8-10 hours a day.
• Hence the clear water reservoirs should have a capacity
to store treated water corresponding to 14 to 16 hours
average daily flow for storage when pumps are idle.
• Distribution reservoirs provide service storage to meet
the widely fluctuating demands often imposed on a
distribution system, to provide storage for fire fighting
and emergencies and to equalize operating pressures.
i) Surface Reservoir ii) Elevated Reservoir
Surface & Elevated Reservoirs serve following purposes
• They absorb the hourly variations in demands.

• Their provision results in an overall reduction in the
sizes of pumps, pipes and treatments units.
• They serves as storage for emergencies such as outbreak
of fire, failure of pumps or bursting of mains.
• They maintain the desired pressure in the mains
constantly.
• Operation of the distribution system becomes very easy.
Classification of Service Reservoir
A) Based on materials of construction:
i)Stone ii) Brick iii)R.C.C. iv) Steel
B) Based on Shape
i)Rectangular ii) Circular iii) Intze type
C) Based on elevation with respect to ground
i)Surface or ground reservoirs
ii)Elevated reservoirs
iii)Stand pipes
Rectangular Tank
Intze Tank
Layout of Distribution Systems
• Dead End or Tree system
• Grid iron system or Reticulation system
• Circular system or ring system
• Radial system
Dead End or Tree system
• In this system main pipe run through center of
populated area.
• And sub mains takes off from this on Both
side.
• Sub mains divide into several branch lines.
From which service connections are given.
Thus entire distribution area is covered by
pipe lines running like a tree.
• In this system no cross connections.
• This system is adopted in towns and cities
which have developed in a haphazard manner
without proper planning.
Advantages : 1. Design calculations are simple and easy. 2. Lesser number of
shut-off valves. 3. Shorter pipe lengths and easy to lay pipes. 4. Cheap and
simple and expanded easily.
Disadvantages: 1. More number of dead ends and score valves, due to which
no circulation and accumulation of sediments at dead end. 2. Discharge
available for fire fighting on streets is limited. 3. Problematic if a pipe is
damaged. 4. Less water pressure in remote parts.
Gridiron System
If the dead ends of dead end system

are inter connected, water can be
circulated through whole of the
distribution system. This is also
known as interlaced system.
Advantages: 1. Friction loss and
pipe size is less. 2. Not problematic
if a pipe is damaged 3. No dead
ends ,allows circulation of water.
4. For fire fighting water is
available from all directions.
Disadvantages: 1. More pipelines
and shut-off valves. 2. high cost of
construction. 3. design is difficult
and expensive.
Ring System or Circular System
In this system ,main pipes are laid around
the area to be served. There is closed ring
may be circular or rectangular. This system
is suitable for towns and cities having well
planned roads crossing one another at
right tangle.
Advantages: 1. Friction loss and pipe size is

less. 2. Not problematic if a pipe is
damaged 3. No dead ends ,allows
circulation of water.
4. For fire fighting water is available from
all directions.
Disadvantages: 1. More pipelines and
shut-off valves. 2. High cost of
construction. 3. design is difficult and
expensive.
Radial System
• In this whole area is divided into
number of distribution zones or
areas. Each areas has centrally
located distribution reservoir
fro where the distribution pipes
run radially towards the
periphery of distribution area.
This system gives quick service,
without much loss of head.
• Water is supplied to the
consumer with high pressure.
Designing of pipe is simple.
Number of reservoirs required
are more.
Capacity of Distribution or Storage Reservoir
• The storage capacity of distribution reservoir is based on
following:
i) Balancing storage ii)Breakdown storage iii) Fire
reserve.
Balancing Storage: The demand of water of the town is not
constant. The main function of balancing reserve or
storage is to cope up with the variable demand of town
with a constant supply of water from the treatment plants.
The quantity of water that must be stored in the reservoir
for equalizing or balancing this fluctuating demand against
constant supply from treatment plant, is called as
balancing storage or reserve.
Balancing storage or reserve is determined by:
i)Hydrograph method ii) Mass curve method
iii)Analytical method
Hydrograph method : The hourly demand of the
maximum day is plotted with respect to time. The curve
PQRSTU obtained is called as hydrograph. The area
QRST enclosed by the demand line and constant
pumping line AB represents the required storage.
Hydrograph
Mass curve method
• Mass curve is the graph of cumulative demand (out flow) versus
time OR cumulative supply (inflow) versus Time. Mass curve of
demand and mass curve of supply are plotted on the same graph
paper. The balancing capacity is then worked out by adding the
maximum ordinates between the demand curve and supply curve
as explained below:
1.For the maximum demand day, obtain hourly demand for 24 hours.
2. Workout cumulative demand starting from a fixed time like 8.0 am
or 12.0 am night etc.
3. Plot the graph of cumulative demand against time to get a mass
curve of demand.
4. On the same graph plot the cumulative supply against time.
5. Find the maximum ordinates between the two curves.
6. The sum of the two max ordinates is the required balancing
storage.
Mass Curves

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Unit -3B

Professor, Civil Engineering Department

Performance of distribution system can be judged on the

The distribution system consists of a network of pipes and

• Adequate pressure should be available at all points

In Towns with single storey buildings, a minimum of 1 kg/cm2

A minimum velocity of 0.6 m/sec should be maintained.

Surface & Elevated Reservoirs serve following purposes

• They absorb the hourly variations in demands.

If the dead ends of dead end system

Advantages: 1. Friction loss and pipe size is

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