Building Services - I: Water Supply and Sanitation

BUILDING SERVICES -I
WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION

Source of Water Supply
Surface sources:
Lakes, streams, rivers, reservoirs, run off from roofs and paved areas.
Underground sources:
Shallow wells, deep wells, artesian wells, artesian springs, land springs.
Water Crisis
Lack of sufficient water resources
Difficulty in obtaining source of fresh water
2.8 billion people around the world at least

one month out of every year
WHY?
Water Crisis
Types
Physical water crisis:
Inadequate natural water resources.
e.g. Desert area
Economical water crisis:
Poor management of the sufficient available water
resources.
e.g. water pollution by industries, Inadequate water
shed management policies.
Rain Cycle
Impurities of Water
Due to contamination at Source:
Rainwater : contaminated due to suspended impurities.
Surface water: contaminated due to inorganic(Mg, Ca, Na),

organic (decaying vegetation)
Underground water : Dumping of untreated impurities in

the ground.
Filtration of Water
Pressure filter :
rate of filtration 4 to 12
m3per m2per hour.
To backwash, valve A is
closed and valves B
and C opened.
Compressed air clears
the sand of dirt.
Diameter = 2.4 m.
Filtration of Water
Slow sand filter bed:

Rate of filtration 0.2 to
1.5 m3per m2
per hour.
Filter beds can occupy
large areas.
The top layer of sand will
require removal and
cleaning at periodic
intervals.
Filtration of Water
Small domestic filter :

the unglazed porcelain
cylinder will arrest very
fine particles of dirt and
even micro-organisms.
The cylinder can be
removed and sterilized in
boiling water for 10
minutes.
Sterilization of Water
Softening of Water
Water Supply
Supply of water by
Public organizations
Commercial organizations
Community
Individual
via a system of pumps and pipes
Storage and Distribution of Water
Gravitational distribution :
Suitable when source of supply is at sufficient height.
Most reliable and economical distribution system.
Pumped distribution :
Treated water is directly into the distribution main out storing.
Also called pumping without storage system.
High lifts pumps are required.
If power supply fails, complete stoppage of water supply.
The method is not general used
Combined Gravity and Pumped distribution :
Most common system
Treated water is pumped and stored in an elevated distribution
reservoir.
Then supplies to consumer by action of gravity.
The excess water during low demand periods get stored in reservoir
and get supplied during high demand period.
Economical, efficient and reliable system.
Combined Gravity and Pumped distribution :
Layout Distribution Network
The distribution pipes are generally laid below the road
pavements, and as such their layouts generally follow the layouts
of roads.
There are general, four different types of pipe networks; any one
of which either single or in combinations, can be used for a
particular place.
CLASSIFICATION OF NETWORKS:
Dead End System
Radial System
Grid Iron System
Ring System
Dead End System
It is suitable for old towns and cities having no different pattern of
roads.
Advantage :
Relatively cheap
Determination of discharge and pressure easier due to less number of
valves.
Radial System
The area is divided into different zones.
The water is pumped into the distribution reservoir kept in the
middle of each zone.
The supply pipes are laid rapidly ending towards the periphery.
Advantages :
It gives quick service
Calculation of pipe size is easy
Grid Iron System
It is suitable for cities with rectangular layouts, where the water mains
and branches are laid in rectangles.
Advantage :
Water is kept in good circulation due to absence of dead ends
In the case of break down in some section, water is available from
some other direction.
Ring System
The supply main is laid all along the
peripheral roads and sub mains
branch out from the mains.
This system also follows the grid iron
system with the flow pattern similar in
character to that of dead end system.
So determination of the size of pipes is
easy.
Advantages :
Water can be supplied to any point from
at least two directions.
DISTRIBUTION RESERVOIRS
Also called service reservoirs.
Store the treated water for supplying water during emergencies (
such as during fires, repairs, etc.) and also to help in absorbing
the hourly fluctuations in the normal water demand.
Function of distribution reservoirs :
To absorb the hourly variations in demand.
To maintain constant pressure in the distribution main.
Water stored can be supplied during emergencies.
DISTRIBUTION RESERVOIRS
Location & Height :
Should be located as close as possible to the center of demand.
Water level in the reservoir must be at sufficient elevation to
permit gravity flow at an adequate pressure.
Types of Reservoirs :
Surface reservoirs
Elevated reservoirs
Surface reservoirs
These also called ground reservoir.
Mostly circular or rectangular tanks.
Underground reservoir are preferred especially when the size is large.
These reservoirs are constructed high natural grounds and are usually
made of stones, brick, plain or reinforced concrete cement.
The side walls are designed to take up the pressure of the water,
when the reservoir is full and the earth pressure, when it is empty.
Elevated reservoirs
Also called to as overhead tanks
These are rectangular, circular or elliptical in shape.
If the topography of the town not suitable for under gravity,
the elevated tank or reservoir are used.
They are constructed where combine gravity and pumping
system of water distribution is adopted.
These tanks may be steel or RCC.
Types of Tanks
R.C.C. Tanks
G.I. Tanks
H.D.P.E Tanks
Types of Tanks
R.C.C. TANKS:
It is of reinforced concrete cement.
They have long life.
Very little maintenance.
Decent appearance.
Types of Tanks
G.I. TANKS :
It is made of galvanized iron.
Generally square or circular in shape
Life of tank is short
Corrosion of metal occurs
Maintenance cost is high
Types of Tanks
H.D.P.E TANK (high density polyethylene) :
It is very popular for storing less quantity of water and hence useful
for residential purpose.
Handling is easy because of light weight.
Cheap in cost
Maintenance cost is low.
Cleaning of tanks are easy.
Lecture 2
Domestic Water Supply System
Domestic Water Supply System
Types
Cold water supply system
Hot water Supply system
direct cold water supply
For efficient operation, a high pressure

water supply is essential.
Pipework is minimal.
Drinking water is available at every draw-off

point.
With every outlet supplied from the main,

the possibility of back siphonage must be
considered.
Back siphonage can occur when there is a

high demand on the main. Negative
pressure can then draw water back into the
main from a submerged inlet.
The indirect system of cold water supply
has only one drinking water outlet, at the
sink. The cold water storage cistern has a
minimum capacity of 230 litres, for location
in the roof space.
In addition to its normal supply function, it

provides an adequate emergency storage in
the event of water main failure.
Requires more pipework than the direct

system.
The water authorities prefer this system as

it imposes less demand on the main.
Also, with fewer fittings attached to the

main, there is less chance of back
siphonage.
BACKFLOW PROTECTION
SECONDARY BACKFLOW PROTECTION
An alternative or supplement to the

provision of air gaps.
Achieved by using mechanical devices such
as double check valves.
Special arrangements of pipework with
branches located above the spill level of
appliances are also acceptable.
COLD WATER STORAGE CISTERNS
COLD WATER STORAGE CALCULATIONS
PIPE SIZING BY FORMULA
PIPE SIZES
Direct system of Hot water supply
The hot water from the boiler mixes directly
with the water in the cylinder.
The storage cylinder and associated

pipework should be well insulated to
reduce energy losses.
Indirect system of Hot water supply
Unlike the direct system, water in the
boiler and primary circuit is not drawn
off through the taps.
The same water circulates

continuously throughout the boiler,
primary circuit and heat exchange coil
inside the storage cylinder.
Fresh water cannot gain access to the

higher temperature areas where
precipitation of calcium would occur.
The system is also used in combination

with central heating, with flow and
return pipes to radiators connected to
the boiler.
Boiler water temperature may be set

by thermostat at about 80oC.
Unvented hot water storage system
Safety features must include:
1. Flow temperature control between
60 and 65oC.
2. 95oC limit thermostat control of the
boiler to close off the fuel supply if
the working thermostat fails.
3. Expansion and temperature relief
valves to operate at 95oC.
4. Check valves on water main
connections.
5. The system is less space consuming
than conventional systems and
saves installation costs.
Expansion and temperature relief valves
Expansion valve They should be capable of withstanding 1.5 times the maximum pressure to
which they are subjected.
Temperature relief valve These should be fitted to all unvented hot water storage vessels
exceeding 15 litres capacity. They are normally manufactured as a combined temperature and
pressure relief valve.
MEDIUM AND HIGH RISE BUILDING
SUPPLY SYSTEMS
For larger buildings a secondary circuit will be required to
reduce `dead-legs' and to maintain an effective supply of hot
water at all outlets.
For a more efficient service a circulatory pump will be
necessary.
Also, one of the valves near the pump should be motorised
and automatically shut off with the pump and boiler when
hot water is not required.
All secondary circuits should be well insulated to reduce heat
losses through the pipework.
A heating installation can operate in conjunction with this
system, but may require duplication of boilers or separate
boilers for each function.
ELECTRIC WATER HEATERS
GAS WATER HEATERS
SOLAR HEATING OF WATER
For domestic application,
the collector should be 4 to
6m
in area, secured at an angle

of 40o to the horizontal and
facing south. The solar
cylinder capacity of about
200 litres is heated to 60oC.
The cylinder and

associated pipework must
be very well insulated and
the solar part of the system
should contain a blend of
water and non-toxic anti-
freeze.
The pump is switched on

when the temperature of
water at point X exceeds
that at point Y by 2 to 3oC.
HOT WATER STORAGE CAPACITY

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BUILDING SERVICES -I

WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION

2.8 billion people around the world at least

Surface water: contaminated due to inorganic(Mg, Ca, Na),

Underground water : Dumping of untreated impurities in

Slow sand filter bed:

Small domestic filter :

For efficient operation, a high pressure

Drinking water is available at every draw-off

With every outlet supplied from the main,

Back siphonage can occur when there is a

In addition to its normal supply function, it

Requires more pipework than the direct

The water authorities prefer this system as

Also, with fewer fittings attached to the

An alternative or supplement to the

The storage cylinder and associated

The same water circulates

Fresh water cannot gain access to the

The system is also used in combination

Boiler water temperature may be set

in area, secured at an angle

The cylinder and

The pump is switched on

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