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    Mel346 20&21

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    Michel Specter
    The document discusses Francis turbines, which are a type of reaction turbine developed by James Francis. Some key points: - Francis turbines work well for moderate heads (240-600m) and low to moderate flow rates. Water enters radially and exits axially. - Francis studied existing waterwheels and was able to redesign the turbine to achieve 88% efficiency, a major improvement. - Francis published his work on hydraulic experiments in Lowell in 1855, establishing the Francis turbine as the American standard. - Major components include the spiral casing, stay vanes, guide vanes, and runner blades. The spiral casing directs water uniformly to the vanes and runner.

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    Mel346 20&21

    Uploaded by

    Michel Specter
    16 views33 pages
    The document discusses Francis turbines, which are a type of reaction turbine developed by James Francis. Some key points: - Francis turbines work well for moderate heads (240-600m) and low to moderate flow rates. Water enters radially and exits axially. - Francis studied existing waterwheels and was able to redesign the turbine to achieve 88% efficiency, a major improvement. - Francis published his work on hydraulic experiments in Lowell in 1855, establishing the Francis turbine as the American standard. - Major components include the spiral casing, stay vanes, guide vanes, and runner blades. The spiral casing directs water uniformly to the vanes and runner.

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    mel346-20&21

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    The document discusses Francis turbines, which are a type of reaction turbine developed by James Francis. Some key points: - Francis turbines work well for moderate heads (240-600m) and low to moderate flow rates. Water enters radially and exits axially. - Francis studied existing waterwheels and was able to redesign the turbine to achieve 88% efficiency, a major improvement. - Francis published his work on hydraulic experiments in Lowell in 1855, establishing the Francis turbine as the American standard. - Major components include the spiral casing, stay vanes, guide vanes, and runner blades. The spiral casing directs water uniformly to the vanes and runner.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    16 views33 pages

    Mel346 20&21

    Uploaded by

    Michel Specter
    The document discusses Francis turbines, which are a type of reaction turbine developed by James Francis. Some key points: - Francis turbines work well for moderate heads (240-600m) and low to moderate flow rates. Water enters radially and exits axially. - Francis studied existing waterwheels and was able to redesign the turbine to achieve 88% efficiency, a major improvement. - Francis published his work on hydraulic experiments in Lowell in 1855, establishing the Francis turbine as the American standard. - Major components include the spiral casing, stay vanes, guide vanes, and runner blades. The spiral casing directs water uniformly to the vanes and runner.

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    Closing Remarks on Pelton Wheel

    • The first scientifically developed concept and also patented


    product.
    • The only one option for high heads (> 600 m)
    • Best suited for low flow rates with moderate heads (240m --
    600m).
    • A better choice for moderate heads with medium flow rates.
    • Easy to construct and develop, as it works at constant
    (atmospheric) pressure.
    • Low rpm at moderate or marginal heads is a major
    disadvantage.
    e

    Is it possible to use Pure Momentum for Low Head Jets?


    Options for Options for Low Heads & Low Flow Rate

    U
    i e i
    e Vri
    Vae Vre Vai

    U
    i e i
    e Vri
    Vae Vre Vai
    Turgo Turbine
    Cross-flow Turbine
    Variations of Cross-Flow Turbines
    Specific Speed
    Only for Relative low Flow Rates
    Sir James B. France
    • When the city of Lowell became the first
    successful planned industrial city in America,
    it not only revolutionized manufacturing but
    also created a new way of life:
    • A life ruled by time, a life powered by new
    opportunities.
    • Perhaps one of the most enduring legacies left
    to the city of Lowell was that of James
    Bicheno Francis.
    • Throughout Francis’s life his bold and
    innovative ideas made him one of the driving
    minds behind America’s Industrial
    Revolution.
    The Chief of Police of water ….
    The Textile Industry : Reason for the Birth of Large Hydro-
    Turbines
    The Boyden Turbine
    Improper Fluid Mechanics to Proper Fluid
    Mechanics
    • Originally the textile mills had used waterwheels or breast-
    wheels that rotated when filled with water.
    • These types of wheels could achieve a 65 percent
    efficiency.
    • One such problem with these wheels was backwater which
    prevented the wheel from turning.
    The Invention

    • Studying the Boyden turbine Francis was able to redesign


    it to increase efficiency.
    • Constructing turbines as “sideways water wheels,” Francis
    was able to achieve an astounding 88 percent efficiency
    rate.
    • After further experimenting, Francis developed the mixed
    flow reaction turbine which later became an American
    standard.
    • Twenty-two of the “Francis turbines” reside in Hoover
    Dam to this day.
    • His work on these turbines was later published as The
    Lowell Hydraulic Experiments in 1855.
    Francis turbines
    • It is a reaction turbine developed by an English born American
    Engineer, Sir J.B. Francis.
    • The water enters the turbine through the outer periphery of the
    runner in the radial direction and leaves the runner in the axial
    direction, and hence it is called ‘mixed flow turbine’.
    • It is a reaction turbine and therefore only a part of the available
    head is converted into the velocity head before water enters the
    runner.
    • The pressure head goes on decreasing as the water flows over the
    runner blades.
    • The static pressure at the runner exit may be less than the
    atmospheric pressure and as such, water fills all the passages of
    the runner blades.
    • The change in pressure while water is gliding over the blades is
    called ‘reaction pressure’ and is partly responsible for the
    rotation of the runner.
    • A Francis turbine is suitable for medium heads (45 to 400 m) and
    requires a relatively large quantity of water.
    Variations of Francis : SVARTISEN

    P = 350 MW
    H = 543 m
    Q* = 71,5 m3/s
    D0 = 4,86 m
    D1 = 4,31m
    D2 = 2,35 m
    B0 = 0,28 m
    n = 333 rpm
    Variations of Francis : La Grande, Canada

    P = 169 MW
    H = 72 m
    Q = 265 m3/s
    D0 = 6,68 m
    D1e = 5,71m
    D1i = 2,35 m
    B0 = 1,4 m
    n = 112,5 rpm
    The Francis Installation
    The Francis Turbine
    The Francis Runner

    Traditional runner X blade runner


    Francis Turbine Power Plant : A Continuous Hydraulic
    System
    An Active Pascal Law : A Hydraulic Model for Francis Units

    2
    V V 2
    h1  1
    h2  2
    2g 2g
    2
    V
    h3  3
    2g

    1
    Location of Francis Turbine
    Parts of A Francis
    Turbine
    Runner inlet
    (Φ 0.870m)

    Guide vane outlet for designα)


    (Φ 0.913m)

    Closed
    Max. Opening
    Position

    Guide vanes
    Operation of Guide Vanes

    .
    Guide vane at Design Guide vane at closed position
    Position = 12.21°

    Guide vane at Max. open


    Position = 18°
    Water particle

    Water from
    spiral casing

    R a d i a l v i e w
    R guide
    runner a d ivanes
    a l v i stay
    and e wvanes
    runner guide vanes and stay vanes
    Parts of A Francis Turbine
    Ideal Hydraulic Energy Diagram 2
    Vmain stream
    2g
    V f2
    Outlet Outlet Inlet Outlet Inlet
    draft tube runner 2g runner guide vane guide vane

    V 2 Va2
    w
    2g 2g

    H Prunner H
    hstatic , guide

    hstatic ,runner

    habs  0

    hatm
    Hydraulic efficiency of Francis Hydraulic System

    V12  V32 
    h1    h3    hydraulic Losses
    2g  2g 
     hydraulic 
    V12  V32 
    h1    h3  
    2g  2g 
    Friction losses

    Friction losses in
    the spiral casing
    and stay vanes

    Guide vane losses

    Gap losses

    Runner losses

    Draft tube losses


    Losses in Francis Turbines

    Draft tube
    Hydraulic Efficiency [%]

    Output Energy

    Head [m]
    Losses in Francis Turbines

    Hydraulic Efficiency [%]

    Output Energy

    Output [%]
    Spiral Casing

    • Spiral Casing : The fluid enters from the penstock to a spiral


    casing which completely surrounds the runner.
    • This casing is known as scroll casing or volute.
    • The cross-sectional area of this casing decreases uniformly along
    the circumference to keep the fluid velocity constant in
    magnitude along its path towards the stay vane/guide vane.

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