The Gas Laws

The Gas Laws

1.Boyle’s Law
2.Charles’ Law
3.Gay-Lussac’s Law
4.Avogadro’s Law
 Units used to describe gas samples:
Volume
Liter (L)
Milliliter (mL)
1000 mL = 1L

Temperature
Kelvin ONLY

Pressure
Atmosphere (atm)
Pascal (Pa)
kiloPascal (kPa)
1 atm = 101.3 kPa
1 atm = 760 mm Hg
1 atm = 760 torr
 Boyle’s Law
Boyle’s Law – at constant temperature, the volume of
the gas increases as the pressure decreases. The volume
of the gas decreases and the pressure increases.

V↑ P↓

V
o
P1V1 = P2V2
l
u If you squeeze a
m gas sample, you
e make its volume
smaller.
L

Pressure (kPa)
 Now . . . a
container where
the volume can
Moveable change (syringe)
piston
↕

Same
temperature

Volume is 100 mL at Volume is 50 mL

25°C at 25°C

In which system is the pressure higher? (Which has the greater number of
collisions with the walls and each other?)
BOYLE’S LAW EQUATION
P1V1 = P2V2
P1V1 = P2V2 P1 = P2V2
V1 V1 V1

P1V1 = P2V2 P2 = P1V1

V2 V2 V2
BOYLE’S LAW EQUATION
P1V1 = P2V2
P1V1 = P2V2 V1 = V2 P 2
P1 P1 P1

P1V1 = P2V2 V2 = V1 P 1
P2 P2 P2
BOYLE’S LAW CALCULATIONS

SAMPLE PROBLEM # 1
A SAMPLE OF HELIUM GAS IN A BALOON IS
COMPRESSED FROM 4.0 L TO 2.5 L AT CONSTANT
TEMPERATURE. IF THE INITIAL PRESSURE WAS
3.0 ATM AT 4.0 L, WHAT IS THE NEW PRESSURE
AT 2.5 L?

GIVEN:
P1 = 3.0 ATM V1 = 4.0 L
P2 = ? (UNKNOWN) V2 = 2.5 L
BOYLE’S LAW CALCULATIONS

EQUATION: (DERIVED FROM P1V1 = P2V2)

P2 = P1V1
V2
P2 = (3.0 atm)(4.0 L) = 12 atm
2.5 L 2.5

P2 = 4.8 atm
 BOYLE’S LAW CALCULATIONS

SAMPLE PROBLEM # 2
A SAMPLE OF OXYGEN GAS HAS A VOLUME OF
150 ML WHEN ITS PRESSURE IS 0.947 ATM. WHAT
WILL THE VOLUME OF THE GAS BE AT A
PRESSURE OF 0.987 ATM IF THE TEMPERATURE
DOES NOT CHANGE

TRY THIS!!!
 BOYLE’S LAW CALCULATIONS

GIVEN:
P1 = 0.947 ATM V1 = 150 ML
P2 = 0.987 ATM V2 = ? (UNKNOWN)

EQUATION: (DERIVED FROM P1V1 = P2V2)

V2 = V1P1
P2
V2 = (150 mL)(0.947 atm) = 142.05 mL
0.987 atm 0.987
V2 = 143.92 mL
Charles’ Law
Charles’ Law – at a constant pressure, the volume
of a gas increases as the temperature of the gas
increases and the volume decreases when the
temperature decreases.
V1 V2
T1 T2
• increase AKE V
• increase the speed of o
the particles l
• the walls of a flexible u
container expand – m
think of hot air balloons! e

V↑ T ↑ Temperature (K)
Steel cylinder (2L) Steel cylinder (2L)
contains 500 contains 500
molecules of O2 at molecules of O2 at
400 K 800 K

1. In which system do the O2 molecules have the highest average kinetic

energy? B
2. In which system will the particles collide with the container walls with the
greatest force? B
3. In which system is the pressure higher? B
CHARLES’ LAW EQUATION
V1 = V2
T1 T2
V1 = V2 V1 = V2 T1
T 1 T2 T2
V1 = V2 V2 = V1 T2
T 1 T2 T1
CHARLES’ LAW EQUATION
V1 = V2
T1 T2
V1 = V2 T1 = T2 V1
T 1 T2 V2
V1 = V2 T2 = T1 V2
T 1 T2 V1
 CHARLES’ LAW CALCULATIONS

SAMPLE PROBLEM # 3
A BALLOON IS INFLATED TO 3.0 L AT 25O C. WHAT
VOLUME WILL THE BALLOON OCCUPY IF IT IS HELD
IN AN ICE BATH UNTIL ITS TEMPERATURE REACHES
0O C?

GIVEN:
V1 = 3.0 L T1 = 25O C + 273.15 = 298.15 K
V2 = ? (UNKNOWN) T2 = 0O C + 273.15 = 273.15 K
 CHARLES’ LAW CALCULATIONS

EQUATION: (DERIVED FROM V1 / T1 = V2 / T2)

V2 = V1T2
T1
V2 = (3.0 L)(273.15 K) = 819.45 L
298.15 K 298.15

V2 = 2.75 L
 CHARLES’ LAW CALCULATIONS

SAMPLE PROBLEM # 4

A SAMPLE OF GAS HAS A VOLUME OF 2.80 L AT AN

UNKNOWN TEMPERATURE. WHEN THE SAMPLE IS
SUBMERGED IN ICE WATER AT 0O C, ITS VOLUME
DECREASES TO 2.57 L. WHAT WAS ITS INITIAL
TEMPERATURE IN KELVIN?

TRY THIS!!!
 CHARLES’ LAW CALCULATIONS

GIVEN:
V1 = 2.80 L T1 = ? (UNKNOWN
V2 = 2.57 L T2 = ? 0O C + 273.15 = 273.15 K
EQUATION: (DERIVED FROM V1 / T1 = V2 / T2)

T1 = T2 V 1
V2
T1 = (273.15 K)(2.80 L) = 764.82 K
2.57 L 2.57
T1 = 297.60 K
Gay-Lussac’s Law
Gay-Lussac’s Law – the pressure of a gas is
directly proportional to its absolute temperature at
a constant volume.

P1 = P2 Pressure
T1 T2 (atm)

P↑ T ↑

Temperature (K)
GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW EQUATION
P1 = P2
T1 T2
P1 = P2 P1 = P2 T1
T 1 T2 T2
P1 = P2 P2 = P1 T2
T 1 T2 T1
GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW EQUATION
P1 = P2
T1 T2
P1 = P2 T1 = T2 P1
T 1 T2 P2
P1 = P2 T2 = T1 P2
T 1 T2 P1
 GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
CALCULATIONS
SAMPLE PROBLEM # 5
A GAS IS HEATED FROM 19O C TO 80O C, WHILE THE
VOLUME IS KEPT CONSTANT. IF THE INITIAL
PRESSURE WAS 2000 PASCALS, WHAT IS THE
PRESSURE OF THE GAS AFTER IT HAS BEEN HEATED?

GIVEN:
P1 = 2000 Pa T1 = 19O C + 273.15 = 292.15 K
P2 = ? (UNKNOWN) T2 = 80O C + 273.15 = 353.15 K
 GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
CALCULATIONS
EQUATION: (DERIVED FROM P1 / T1 = P2 / T2)

P2 = P1T2
T1
P2 = (2000 Pa)(353.15 K) = 706,300 Pa
292.15 K 292.15

P2 = 2,417.59 Pa
 GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
CALCULATIONS
SAMPLE PROBLEM # 6

A GAS’ PRESSURE IS 765 TORR AT 23O C. AT WHAT

TEMPERATURE WILL THE PRESSURE BE 560 TORR?

TRY THIS!!!
 GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
CALCULATIONS
GIVEN:
P1 = 765 TORR T1 = ? 23O C + 273.15 = 296.15 K
P2 = 560 TORR T2 = ? (UNKNOWN)
EQUATION: (DERIVED FROM P1 / T1 = P2 / T2)

T2 = T1 P 2
P1
T2 = (296.15 K)(560 torr) = 165,844 K
765 torr 765
T2 = 216.79 K
 or k . . .
th e se w
b e r h o w
r e m e m
To

PTV
Think “Public Tele Vision”
 r w h i c h c o n s t a nt s go
T o rem e mb e
wi t h w h i c h l a w . . .

Boyle’s Law – Temperature is constant. Black

Tea
Charles’ Law – Pressure is constant. Cheese Pizza

Gay-Lussac’s Law – Volume is constant.Green

Veggies
Avogadro’s Law
Avogadro’s Law – equal volumes of gases
at the same temperature and pressure
contain equal numbers of molecules.
H2 O2 CO2

1 mole of ANY gas takes up a volume of

22.4 L at STP.
AVOGADRO’S LAW EQUATION
V1 = V2
n1 n2
V1 = V2 V1 = V2 n1
n 1 n2 n2
V1 = V2 V2 = V1 n2
n 1 n2 n1
AVOGADRO’S LAW EQUATION
V1 = V2
n1 n2
V1 = V2 n1 = n2 V1
n 1 n2 V2
V1 = V2 n2 = n1 V2
n 1 n2 V1
 AVOGADRO’S LAW
CALCULATIONS
SAMPLE PROBLEM # 7
IF 0.75 MOLE OF HELIUM GAS OCCUPIES A VOLUME
OF 1.5 L, WHAT VOLUME IN LITER WILL 1.2 MOLES
OF HELIUM OCCUPY AT THE SAME TEMPERATURE
AND PRESSURE?

GIVEN:
V1 = 1.5 L n1 = 0.75 mole
V2 = ? (UNKNOWN) n2 = 1.2 mole
 AVOGADRO’S LAW
CALCULATIONS
EQUATION: (DERIVED FROM V1 / n1 = V2 / n2)

V2 = V1n2
n1
V2 = (1.5 L)(1.2 mol) = 1.8 L
0.75 mol 0.75

V2 = 2.4 L
 AVOGADRO’S LAW
CALCULATIONS
SAMPLE PROBLEM # 8

A LARGE BEACH BALL HAS A VOLUME OF 4.60 L

WHEN FILLED WITH 0.225 MOLES OF AIR. IF AIR
LEAKS OUT, HOW MANY MOLES OF GAS REMAINED
SO THAT THE VOLUME DECREASES TO 3.60 L.

TRY THIS!!!
 AVOGADRO’S LAW
CALCULATIONS
GIVEN:
V1 = 4.60 L n1 = 0.225 mol
V2 = 3.60 L n2 = ? (UNKNOWN)
EQUATION: (DERIVED FROM V1 / n1 = V2 / n2)

n2 = n1V2
V1
n2 = (0.225 mol)(3.60 L) = 0.81 mol
4.60 L 4.60
n2 = 0.18 mol
 Units used to describe gas samples:
Volume
Liter (L)
Milliliter (mL)
1000 mL = 1L

Temperature
Kelvin ONLY

Pressure
Atmosphere (atm)
Pascal (Pa)
kiloPascal (kPa)
1 atm = 101.3 kPa
1 atm = 760 mm Hg
1 atm = 760 torr
Combined Gas Law
The combined gas law combines the
three gas laws: Boyle's Law, Charles' Law,
and Gay-Lussac's Law.

It includes the ratio of the product

of pressure and volume and the absolute
temperature of a gas.

P1V1 = P2V2
TI T2
COMBINED GAS LAW EQUATION

P1 = P2V2T1
V1 T 2
P1V1 = P2V2
TI T2
P2 = P1V1T2
V2 T 1
COMBINED GAS LAW EQUATION

V1 = V2P2T1
P 1T 2
P1V1 = P2V2
TI T2
V2 = V1P1T2
P 2T 1
COMBINED GAS LAW EQUATION

T1 = T2P1V1
P 2V 2
P1V1 = P2V2
TI T2
T2 = T1P2V2
P 1V 1
 COMBINED GAS LAW
CALCULATIONS
SAMPLE PROBLEM # A
THE VOLUME OF A GAS-FILLED BALLOON IS 30.0 L
AT 40-DEGREE CELCIUS AND 1.75 ATM OF PRESSURE.
WHAT VOLUME WILL THE BALLOON HAVE AT
STANDARD TEMPERATURE PRESSURE?

GIVEN:
P1 = 1.75 ATM P2 = 1 ATM
V1 = 30.0 L V2 = ? (UNKNOWN) 45.79 L
T1 = 40O C + 273.15 K T2 = 273.15 K
= 313.15 K
 COMBINED GAS LAW
CALCULATIONS
EQUATION: (DERIVED FROM P1V1 / T1 = P2V2 / T2)

V2 = V1P1T2
P 2T 1
V2 = (30.0 L)(1.75 atm)(273.15 K)
(1 atm)(313.15 K)

V2 = 14,340.38 L
313.15 V2 = 45.79 L
 COMBINED GAS LAW
CALCULATIONS

SAMPLE PROBLEM # B
A BALLOON OF AIR NOW OCCUPIES 10.0 L AT
25.0 °C AND 1.00 ATM. WHAT TEMPERATURE
WAS IT INITIALLY, IF IT OCCUPIED 9.40 L AND
WAS IN A FREEZER WITH A PRESSURE OF 0.939
ATM?

TRY THIS!!!
COMBINED GAS LAW
CALCULATIONS EQUATION: (DERIVED
FROM P1V1 / T1 = P2V2 / T2)
GIVEN:
P1 = 0.939 atm P2 = 1 atm
V1 = 9.40 L V2 = 10.0 L
T1 = ? (UNKNOWN) T2 = 25O C + 273.15 = 298.15 K

T1 = T2P1V1
263.17 K

P 2V 2
T1 = (298.15 K)(0.939 atm)(9.40 L)
(1 atm)(10.0 L)
T1 = 2,631.65 K
T1 = 263.17 K
10.0
Ideal Gas Law

The ideal gas law, also called the general

gas equation, is the equation of state of a
hypothetical ideal gas. It is a good
approximation of the behavior of
many gases under many conditions,
although it has several limitations.
Ideal Gas Law
It was first stated by Benoît Paul Émile
Clapeyron in 1834 as a combination of the
empirical Boyle's law, Charles's
law, Avogadro's law, and Gay-Lussac's
law. The ideal gas law is often written in
an empirical form

PV = nRT
Ideal Gas Law
PV = nRT
P – is the pressure of the gas
V – is the volume of the gas
n – is the amount of substance of gas (also
known as number of moles)
R – is the ideal or universal gas constant
(0.08206 L-atm/mol-K) / (8.314 L-kPa/mol-K) /
(62.36 L-torr/mol-K)
T – is the absolute temperature of the gas)
kPa = 101.325 Abs. Temp. = 273 K
mole = 1 Liter = 22.4
Torr = 760 Abs. Temp. = 273
mole = 1 Liter = 22.4
 IDEAL GAS LAW EQUATION

PV = nRT
V V
PV = nRT
If P = ?
P = nRT
V
 IDEAL GAS LAW EQUATION

PV = nRT
P P
PV = nRT
If V = ?
V = nRT
P
 IDEAL GAS LAW EQUATION

PV = nRT
RT RT
PV = nRT
If n = ?
n = PV
RT
 IDEAL GAS LAW EQUATION

PV = nRT
nR nR
PV = nRT
If n = ?
T = PV
nR
IDEAL GAS LAW CALCULATIONS

SAMPLE PROBLEM # C
A SAMPLE WITH 0.55 MOLE OF GAS IS AT 105.7
kPa AND 270 C. WHAT VOLUME DOES IT
OCCUPY?

GIVEN:
P = 105.7 kPa
V = ? UNKNOWN
n = 0.55 mol
R = 8.314 L-kPa/mol-K
T = 270 C + 273.15 K = 300.15 K
 IDEAL GAS LAW EQUATION
V = nRT
P
V = (0.55 mol)(8.314 L-kPa)(300.15 K)
mol-K
105.7 kPa
V = 1,372.50 L-kPa
105.7 kPa
V = 12.98 L
IDEAL GAS LAW CALCULATIONS

SAMPLE PROBLEM # D
AT WHAT ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE DOES 48.5
GRAMS OF CARBON DIOXIDE OCCUPY 4.56 L
AND HAVE A PRESSURE OF 2.5 ATM?
IDEAL GAS LAW CALCULATIONS

SAMPLE PROBLEM # D
AT WHAT ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE DOES 48.5
GRAMS OF CARBON DIOXIDE OCCUPY 4.56 L
AND HAVE A PRESSURE OF 2.5 ATM?

GIVEN:
P = 2.5 atm
V = 4.56 L
n = 48.5 g to mole = 1.1 mol
R = 0.08206 L-atm/mol-K
T = ? UNKNOWN
 IDEAL GAS LAW EQUATION
T = PV
nR
T = (2.5 atm)(4.56 L)
(1.1 mol)(0.08206 L-atm)
mol-K
T = 11.4 atm * L
0.09 L *atm
T = 126.67 K
 L a w s
G a s
The

TO BE CONTINUED…