THE GAS

LAWS
SCIENCE 10
OBJECTIVES
Identify different gas laws: Boyle’s law,
Charle’s Law, Gay Lussac’s Law, and the
Combined Gas law
Explain the mathematical relationships
between the pressure, volume, and
temperature of a gas.
Solve mathematical problems involving gas
laws
Design a simple experiment to demonstrate
one of the gas laws
VOCABULARY
Pressure Gay-Lussac’s
Volume Law
Temperature Combined
Boyle’s Law Gas Law
Charles’s Law Ideal Gas Law
Kinetic Molecular Theory
(KMT)
Kinetic Molecular Theory of
gases attempts to explain the
properties of gases such as
pressure, temperature, or
volume, by looking at what
they are made up of and how
they move
Kinetic Molecular Theory
(KMT)
 Kinetic refers to motion
 The energy an object has
because of its motion is
called kinetic energy
◦ Example: A ball rolling
down a hill has kinetic
energy
Kinetic Molecular Theory
(KMT)
There are three main
components to kinetic
theory:
1. Perfectly elastic
collisions, no energy is
gained or lost when
gas molecules collide
2. Gas molecules take up
no space they are so
small
3. Gas molecules are in
Kinetic Molecular Theory
(KMT)
How does Kinetic Theory
explain Gas Pressure?

 Gas Pressure results from

fast moving gas particles
colliding with the sides of a
container

 More Collisions = Higher

Pressure
 Kinetic Molecular Theory
(KMT)
How does Temperature relate to
Kinetic Theory?

 Temperature is a measure of
the average kinetic energy of
all the particles in a gas

 Higher Energy = Higher

Temperature
 Kinetic Molecular Theory
(KMT)
Through KMT, several Laws were developed to
help calculate the changes in pressure,
temperature, and volume of gases.

There are 6 Basic Laws:

1. Boyle’s Law
Combined Gas Law
2. Charles’ Law
3. Gay-Lussac’s Law
4. Avogadro’s Law
5. Ideal Gas Law – volume liters
only
6. Dalton’s Law
 Units used to describe gas
samples:
Volume Temperature Pressure
Liter (L) Kelvin ONLY Atmosphere (atm)
Milliliter (mL) Kilopascale (kPa)
Torr (torr)
1000 mL = 1L K = ºC + 273 mm of mercury (mm Hg)

1 atm = 101.3 kPa

1 atm = 760 mm Hg
1 atm = 760 torr

Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)

Standard Temperature = 273K

Standard Pressure = 1 atm
 Boyle’s Law
Boyle’s Law – at constant
temperature, the volume of the gas
increases as the pressure decreases.
(and the volume of the gas decreases
and the pressure increases). They
V↑ are
P↓
inversely related
V
o
P 1 V1 = P 2 V2
l
u If you squeeze
m a gas sample,
e you make its
volume smaller.
L

Pressure (kPa)
 Now . . . a
container
where the
Moveabl volume can
e piston change
(syringe)
↕

Same
temperatur
e
Volume is 100 Volume is 50
mL at 25°C mL at 25°C

In which system is the pressure higher? (Which has the

greater number of collisions with the walls and each
other?)
 Boyle’s Law Example
2.00 L of a gas is at 740.0 mmHg
pressure. What is its volume at 760.0
mmHg pressure?

P1V1 =
P2V2
2.00L x 740.0 mmHg = 760.0 mm Hg x V2

2.00L x 740.0 mmHg = 760.0 mm Hg x V2

760.0 mm Hg 760.0 mmHg

1.95 L = V2
 If a gas at 25.0 degree
Celsius occupies 3.60
liters at a pressure of
1.00 atm, what will be its
volume at a pressure of
2.50 atm?
 A gas occupies 11.2
liters at 0.860 atm.
What is the pressure if
the volume becomes
15.0 L?
Charles’ Law
Charles’ Law – at a constant pressure,
the volume of a gas increases as the
temperature of the gas increases (and the
volume decreases when the temperature
decreases). They are directly related.
• increasing the
temperature of a V
V1 = V2
T1 T2
gas increases the o
speed of l
u
gas particles m
which collide more e
often and with
L
more force causing
the walls of a
Temperature
flexible container (K)
expand. Think of
 Charles’ Law Example:
4.40 L of a gas is collected at 50.0°C. What
will be its volume upon cooling to 25.0°C?
First you must convert temperatures from
Celsius to Kelvin. Temperature must always
be in Kelvin
V1 = V2
K = 273 + °C
T1 T2
T1 = 273 + 50.0°C = 323K
T2 = 273 + 25.0°C = 298K
(298K) 4.40L = V2 (298K)
1 V2 = 4.06L
323K 298K 1
Gay-Lussac’s Law
Gay-Lussac’s Law – at a constant volume,
the pressure of a gas increases as the
temperature of the gas increases (and the
pressure decreases when the temperature
decreases). They are directly related.
P1 = P2 Pressure
T1 T2 (atm)

Temperature (K)
A B
Steel cylinder Steel cylinder
(2L) (2L) contains
contains 500 500 molecules
molecules of O2 of O2 at 800 K
at 400 K
1. In which system do the O2 molecules have the highest
average kinetic energy
B (temperature)?
2. In which system will the particles collide with the
container walls with the greatestBforce and the most often?
3. In which system is the pressure higher?
B
 Example: In a rigid container a gas has a pressure of 1.3 atm
at 25°C. What is the pressure of the gas if it is heated to
45°C?
First you must convert temperatures from Celsius to
Kelvin. Temperature must always be in Kelvin
K = 273 + °C
T1 = 273 + 25.0°C = 298K P1 P2
T1 T2
T2 = 273 + 45.0°C = 318K

(318K) X 1.3 atm = P2 X (318K)

1 298K 318K 1 P2 = 1.39 atm
1.4 atm (2 sig figs)
 Unit Conversions Practice
Convert 56.0 mL to L = .056L

Convert 65.6 g H2O to moles

H2O = 3.64 mole H2O
1
65.6g 1mole H2O
18.02 g
1 atm
Convert 788 torr to =atm
1.04 atm
1 760torr
788 torr
 Combined Gas Law
A combination of Boyle’s, Charles’, and Gay-Lussac’s Laws

P1V1 = P2V2
T1 T2

Note that all temperatures must be in

Kelvin!
Example:
A gas occupies 2.0 L at
2.5 atm and 25ºC.
What is it’s volume if
the temperature is
increased to 33ºC and
the pressure is
John inflates his soccer ball to a
volume of 4.0 L when the
temperature is 25°C and the
pressure inside the ball is 1.2
atm. Later that day, John leaves
the ball outside overnight. The
next morning, the temperature
drops to 10°C, and he notices
that the ball looks deflated.
When he measures the pressure
When Emily inflates her car
tire, it has a volume of 30.0 L
at a temperature of 20°C and
a pressure of 2.5 atm. After
driving, the temperature
inside the tire increases to
40°C, and the pressure rises
to 2.8 atm.What is the new
volume of the tire?
A hot air balloon is filled with
5000 L of air at a temperature
of 10°C and a pressure of
1.00 atm. As the balloon
rises, the temperature
decreases to -15°C, and the
pressure drops to 0.85
atm.What will be the new
volume of the air inside the
A scuba diver’s tank has a
volume of 10.0 L and is filled
with air at a pressure of 200
atm and a temperature of
25°C. After a dive, the
temperature of the air inside
the tank drops to 10°C, and
the pressure drops to 180
atm.What is the new volume
 Example:

A gas occupies 2.0 L at 2.5 atm and 25ºC.

What is it’s volume if the temperature is
increased to 33ºC and the pressure is
decreased to 1.5 atm?
P 1V 1 P 2V 2
T1 T2
P1 = 2.5 atm P2 = 1.5 atm
V1 = 2.0L V2 = ?
T1 = 25 + 273 = 298K T2 = 33 + 273 = 306K

(2.5 atm)(2.0L) (306K) = V2

(298K) (1.5 tm) V2 = 3.4 L
Example:

A gas occupies 4.5 L at 1.3 atm and 35ºC.

What is the final temperature if the final
volume of the gas is 3.2 L with a pressure of
1.5 atm?
P 1V 1 = P 2V 2
T1 T2
P1 = 1.3 atm P2 = 1.5 atm
V1 = 4.5L V2 = 3.2L
T1 = 35 + 273 = 308K T2 = ?K
(1.3 atm)(4.5L) = (1.5atm)(3.2L)
(308k) T2
(1.5 atm)(3.2L) (308K) = T2
(4.5L) (1.3 atm) T2 = 250K
What is STP?
STP is the abbreviation for
standard temperature and
pressure.
Standard temperature is 273K
Standard pressure is 1 atm
You must memorize the
meaning of STP.
 Avogadro’s Law
 Discovered by Amedo Avogadro. Their team gives the
relationship between volume and amount when pressure and
temperature are held constant.
 Remember amount is measured in moles.
 Also, since volume is one of the variables, that means the
container holding the gas is flexible in some way and can
expand or contract.
 If the amount of gas in a container is increased, the volume
increases.
 If the amount of gas in a container is decreased, the volume
decreases.
WHY????
Avogadro’s Law
Avogadro’s Law – equal volumes of gases
at the same temperature and pressure
contain equal numbers of molecules.
H2 O2 CO2

1 mole of ANY gas takes up a volume of

22.4 L at STP. This is called Molar Volume
22.4L = 1 mole of gas at STP
Memorize this!
 Avogadro’s Law:
One mole of ANY gas takes up a
volume of 22.4 L at STP.

So how many molecules of any

gas are there in 22.4 L at STP?
One mole which is 6.022 x 1023
 Avogadro’s Law:
At STP, 1.0 L of Helium gas contains the
same number of atoms as:

A. 2.0 L of Kr
B. 1.0 L of Ne
C. 0.5 L of Rn
D. 1.5 L of Ar
volumes
Therefore equal _______________ of gas
atoms
contain equal numbers of __________ or
molecules
______________________.
Ideal Gases
• Gases whose behavior can be predicted by the kinetic
molecular theory are called ideal, or perfect, gases. No
gases are truly ideal because no gas totally obeys all of
the gas laws.

• An ideal gas is an imaginary gas that is perfect and

does follow everything perfectly.

• We assume that all gases behave like ideal gases so

there is an ideal gas law
◦ There are no intermolecular forces between
the gas molecules.
◦ The volume occupied by the molecules
themselves is entirely negligible relative to
the volume of the container.
Ideal Gas Law
PV = nRT
P = pressure in atmospheres (atm)
V = volume in Liters (L)
n = # of moles
T = temperature in Kelvin (K)
R =.08206 L·atm/mol·K
Ideal Gas Law Example:
How many moles of oxygen will
occupy a volume of 2.50 L at 1.20
atm and 25°C?

PV = nRT
n = PV
RT
n = (1.20)(2.50)
(.08206) (298K)

n = .123 moles of oxygen

Ideal Gas Law Example:

What volume will 12.4 grams of O2 gas

occupy at 756 torr and 17°C?
V = nRT
PV = nRT P
P = 756 torr X 1 atm P = .995 atm
1 760.0 torr

n = 12.4g x 1 mol n = .388 mol

1 32.00g
V = (.388)(.08206) (290K) V = 9.28L
.995 atm
What is STP? STP stands for standard
temperature and pressure. Standard temperature
is always 273K. Standard pressure is always 1.00
atm.
Examples using STP:
At 1.80 atm of pressure and 30.0 °C
temperature, a gas occupies a volume of 65.5 mL.
What will be the volume of the same gas at STP?
P 1V 1 = P 2V 2
Which gas law should we use? T1 T2
Combined Gas Law
(1.80 atm) (65.5 mL) = (1.00 atm) V2
(303K) 273K
(1.80 atm) (65.5 mL) (273K) = V2
(303K) (1.00 atm)
V2 = 106 mL
 One More Law!!
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures -
In a mixture of gases, each gas exerts a certain pressure
as if it were alone. The pressure of each one of these
gases is called the partial pressure. The total pressure of
a mixture of gases is the sum of all of the partial
pressures.
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 …….

Pair = PO + PN2 + Par + PH O + PCO2

2 2
 Example:

What is the total pressure of a mixture of gases

made up of CO2, O2, and H2 if the partial
pressures are 22.3 kPa, 44.7 kPa, and 112
kPa, respectively?

Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3
PTOTAL = 22.3kPa + 44.7 kPa + 112 kPa =

PTOTAL = 179 kPa

 Gas Stoichiometry
Example 1: One mole of any gas at STP occupies a
22.4
volume of ___________ L.
How do you write this as a conversion factor?
22.4 L OR 1 mol
1mol 22.4L
For the following reaction:
N2(g) +3H2 (g) 2NH3(g)

What volume of nitrogen gas at STP would be required to

react with excess hydrogen gas to produce .830L of NH 3
in the reaction above?

.830L NH3 1 mol NH3 1 mol N2 22.4 L N2

= .415L N2
1 22.4 L NH3 2 mol NH3 1 mol N2
 Gas Stoichiometry
N2(g) +3H2 (g) 2NH3(g)
?L 0.100g

What volume of nitrogen gas at STP would be required to react with

0.100 grams of hydrogen gas in the reaction above? (Make
sure the chemical equation is balanced)

0.100 g H2 1 mol H2 1 mol N2 22.4 L N2

1 2.02 g H2 3 mol H2 1 mol N2

= .370 L N2
THANK YOU
AND
GOD
BLESS!!!