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Lie Detection Techniques
-MARISON DL. SAN CARLOS

Instructor I
What is LIE?
- A lie is an assertion that is believed to be false, typically used with the

purpose of deceiving or misleading someone.
- The practice of communicating lies is called lying.
Generally, the term “lie” carries a negative connotation, and depending

on the context a person who communicates with lie may be subject to
social, legal, religious, or criminal sanctions; for instance, perjury, or the
act of lying under oath, can result in criminal and civil charges being
pressed against the perjurer.
WHY DO PEOPLE LIE?
• Lying allows a person to establish perceived control over a situation

by manipulating it.
• It’s a defense mechanism that (seemingly) prevents them from being

vulnerable, that is, to not open up and reveal their true self to
another person.
Source: psytheraphy.co.uk
9 Motives for telling lies:
1. Protect someone else from punishment
2. Obtain a reward
3. Get out rom awkward situation
4. Maintain privacy
5. Avoid punishment
6. Win admiration from others
7. Protect one’s self from physical harm
8. Exercise power over others
9. Avoid embarrassment
History of lie detection:
The need to detect deception is not a twentieth century concept as many

would guess. Instead, the need to determine an individuals’ trust
worthiness dates back to almost 2000 BC. Many techniques for
determining deception were founded, often based on superstition, or the
belief that religious God would allow the truthful to prevail.
Earliest form was known as “Trial by Combat” – physical strength was used
to resolve an issue between two individuals.
For example: If two primitive hunters approached a fallen prey, and a
dispute ensued as to whom had killed it, they would engage in combat. The
assumption was that the truthful claimant would have truth on his side,
and thus win the battle and own the prey.
“Trial by Ordeal” – It was assumed once again that God would
intervene on behalf of the innocent individual.
For example: In China, in approximately 1000 BC trial by ordeal is
implemented using uncooked rice. The accused was asked to put a
handful of rice into his mouth and then spit it out. If the rice was wet
enough, it was easy to spit out, and person was considered truthful. If
the Gods made it dry, and stick into the person’s mouth when he tried
to spit it out, he was then accused of lying.
“Trial by the sacred ass” – In India around 500 BC, in this test, a
donkey was placed in the centre of a pitch-dark tent. All the suspects
were told to enter the tent and to pull the donkey’s tail. If they
remained quiet, the suspect was truthful. The suspects were led to
believe that the donkey is “sacred” and able to detect lie.
“Trial by torture” – This was the primary means of lie detecting during
the infamous witch-hunts and inquisitions in Europe. Unfortunately,
even a truthful would confess to a crime, given enough torture, and it
was not an accurate method.
Trial by torture is replaced by a more humane “Trial by Jury”, many
countries still commonly use this as a primary means of discovering the
truth in matter.
In early 1890’s – Angelo Mosso, an Italian physiologist studied the
effect of fear on the cardiovascular
First attempt to use scientific instrument to
detect deception:
Around 1895 – Lombroso applied a blood pressure instrument
(hydrosphygmograph) to criminal suspect.
1921 – John Larson developed physiological responses to questioning
during an entire examination period.
1970’s – Psychological Stress Evaluation is used, which measures
human stress by analyzing the voice.
Another techniques to detect deception:
 Drugs, such as sodium penthotal and sodium amytal, have also been
used in efforts to obtain truth and expose deception, but their reliability is
highly questionable, except to obtain supplementary information on a
person’s psychological makeup.
Hypnosis has been used to facilitate recall and also to determine the
truth and falsity of statements, but because persons under hypnosis are
highly susceptible to suggestion, its reliability in exposing deception is
questionable.
Word association has also been used to detect deception under the
assumption that a guilty person will attempt to avoid replying with words
that maybe associated with the crime.
Certain Personality Tests may expose proneness to crime; however,
they do not specifically score to detect lying.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory does have a built-in

instrument designed to detect deception on the test.
 Interviewer skills – observing physical, emotional, and mental

manifestations of the person being questioned can pick up many clues
in the areas that a person is lying. None of the proponents of the
various techniques in detecting deception claim 100 percent accuracy.
All of the methods must still rely on human judgments and integrity,
thus remaining vulnerable to human fallibility.
Contemporary Methods of Detecting
Deception
1. Physiological Lie Detection
-The use of modern equipment to record the physiological changes
that occur on a person was employed in determining guilt or
innocence. The polygraph is one that used to accurately records and
measures physiological changes which include respiratory,
electrodermal, cardiovascular, and vasomotor activity. These
parameters are monitored by the sensors connected on a particular
parts of the body of the person being tested.
a. Deception test
• An approach in polygraph testing that is conducted to determine the
involvement of an examinee to a known incident or to multiple issues
concern:
 Comparison Question Technique
 Non- Comparison Question technique
b. Recognition Test
• This approach in polygraph testing is intended to determine if the
examinee has knowledge about the issue being tested. An examinee
who are knowledgeable on the case information or facts, will exhibits
physiological reaction when confronted with the item relevant to the
test. The type of recognition test are as follows:
1. Searching peak of tension test
2. Known solution peak of tension test
3. Concealed information test
4. Acquaintance test
2. Non-Verbal Lie Detection
• There are several concepts considered to determine the non-verbal
indicators of deception. These approach includes the following:
a. Multi factor model
-According to Ekman, (1985) telling a lie is most commonly
associated with different emotions such as fear, guilt, or delight. A lying
person may feel guilty, afraid to discover his lie, or elated about fooling
someone. The strength of these emotions depends on the personality
of the liar and the circumstances under which a lie takes place (Ekman,
1985; Vrij, 2008). It is important to note that behavior of a lying person
may be affected because of guilt, fear and excitement.
Example:
EMOTION Indicators of Reaction
1. Guilt - Gaze aversion
2. Fear and excitement -increase in movements
- Speech hesitation
- Speech errors (stutters)
- Repetition of words
- Omission of words
- Increased in pitch
The stronger the emotion, the more likely that some of these behaviors will reveal deceit
(Ekman, 1985).
Cognitive Load
There are various aspects that may explain why lying requires more
cognitive demand than telling the truth:
1. Formulating a lie demands more cognitive effort.
2. Liars are typically less likely than truth tellers to take their credibility
for granted.
3. Liars monitor the interviewer’s reactions more carefully in order to
assess whether they appear to be getting away with their lie.
4. Liars maybe preoccupied by the task of reminding themselves to act
and role play, which requires extra cognitive effort.
Liars who engaged in cognitively complex tasks experiences speech
hesistations and errors, speaks slower, and takes time to give answer
(Goldman-Eisler, 1968). It also resulted in less hand and arm
movements (Ekman & Feiezen, 1972). It further resulted to more gaze
aversion due to difficulty in maintaining eye contact (Doherty-Sneddon
et al., 2002)
03-08

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Lie Detection Techniques

-MARISON DL. SAN CARLOS

- A lie is an assertion that is believed to be false, typically used with the

Generally, the term “lie” carries a negative connotation, and depending

• Lying allows a person to establish perceived control over a situation

• It’s a defense mechanism that (seemingly) prevents them from being

The need to detect deception is not a twentieth century concept as many

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory does have a built-in

 Interviewer skills – observing physical, emotional, and mental

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