CHAPTER 9

The Internet and World Wide

Web

UCCS1613 Computer Systems and Applications 1

The Global Internet: What is The Internet?

Internet: Global network of networks using universal standards to

connect millions of different networks. The Internet is a worldwide col-
lection of networks that links millions of businesses, government
agencies, educational institutions, and individuals.

Internet service provider (ISP): A commercial organization with a

permanent connection to the Internet that sells temporary
connections to subscribers. Example of ISP in Malaysia:
• Celcom http://www.celcom.com.my/
• IX Telecom http://ixtelecom.net/
• Jaring http://www.jaring.my/
• Maxis Communications http://www.maxis.com.my/
• Packet One Networks http://www.p1.com.my/
• PenangFON http://www.penangfon.com/index.html
• REDtone http://www.redtone.com
• Salamfone http://www.salamfone.my/
• Streamyx http://www.tm.net.my/streamyx/
• TIME Broadband http://timebroadband.time.net.my/
• TIMENet http://www.time.net.my/
• TM Net http://www.tm.com.my/
• UniFi http://www.tm.com.my/unifi 2
Evolution of the Internet

Connect the computers to the Internet through wired or wireless

technology.
– Wired: device physically attaches via a cable or wire to a
communications device, such as a modem.
– Wireless: many mobile computers and devices include the
necessary built-in technology so that they can transmit data
and other items wirelessly.

Many home and small business users connect to the Internet via
high-speed broadband Internet service because of its fast data
transfer speeds and its always-on connection.

Broadband: In telecommunications, broadband is wide bandwidth

data transmission which transports multiple signals and traffic types.
The medium can be coaxial cable, optical fiber, radio or twisted pair.

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Evolution of the Internet: Wired
Wired:
• Cable Internet Service – Provide high-speed Internet access
through the cable TV network.

• DSL - Provide high-speed Internet connection using regular

copper telephone lines.
 Digital subscriber line (DSL) was originally part of the Integrated
Services Digital Network (ISDN) specification introduced in 1984. In
the beginning, ISDN was being used for point-to-point connections
for different kinds of data sharing. With the passage of time and
the increasing size of networks, ISDN gave a low data speed be-
cause of various issues, from interruptions in telephone lines to
natural factors like fog and rain. After the failure of ISDN, DSL
emerged and started providing broadband connections over an
analog medium with an efficient network environment. DSL
mainly uses copper wires and fiber optic cables as its transmis-
sion medium.

• FTTP – Uses fiber optic cable to provide high speed internet

access.
 Fiber To The Premises (FTTP) is a fiber optic cable delivery medium
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that provides Internet access directly to a user or groups of users
Evolution of the Internet: Wired

Wireless:
• Wi-Fi – Uses radio signal to provide high-speed Internet.

• Mobile Broadband – Provide high speed Internet connections to

devices with built-in compatibility technology.

• Fixed wireless – Provide high speed internet using dish shaped

antenna to communicate with a tower location via radio signals.

• Satellite Internet Service – Provide high speed Internet via satellite

to a satellite dish that communicates with a satellite modem.

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Wired Connections

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Evolution of the Internet: Wired

Wireless:
• Wi-Fi – Uses radio signal to provide high-speed Internet.

• Mobile Broadband – Provide high speed Internet connections to

devices with built-in compatibility technology.

• Fixed wireless – Provide high speed internet using dish shaped

antenna to communicate with a tower location via radio signals.

• Satellite Internet Service – Provide high speed Internet via satellite

to a satellite dish that communicates with a satellite modem.

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Wireless Connections

Satellite Internet Service

Mobile Broadband

Fixed wireless
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Evolution of the Internet: Wired

Fixed Wireless:
• Fixed wireless broadband is high-speed internet access in which
connections to service providers use radio signals rather than
cables.
• Internet users who might prefer fixed wireless include people in
areas that lack fiber optic cable, DSL or cable television lines. They
can still enjoy broadband internet access via a wireless service
that can beam the connection straight to where it needs to go.
• Fixed wireless broadband services use transmission towers
(sometimes called ground stations) that communicate with one
another and with the subscriber's location. These ground stations
are maintained by internet providers, similar to cell phone towers.
• Subscribers install transceiver equipment in their home or building
to communicate with the fixed wireless ground stations.
Transceivers consist of a small dish or rectangular-shaped antenna
with attached radio transmitters.
• Unlike satellite internet systems that communicate in outer space,
fixed wireless dishes and radios communicate only with ground
stations. 9
Evolution of the Internet: Wired

Wireless Satellite:
• Satellite internet is a form of high-speed internet service that
utilizes telecommunications satellites in Earth orbit to provide
Internet access to consumers.
• This type of internet service covers areas where DSL
and cable access is unavailable, though it offers less
network bandwidth compared to DSL or cable, however.
• In addition, the long delays required to transmit data between the
satellite and the ground stations tend to create high network
latency, causing a sluggish performance experience in some cases.
• Network applications like VPN and online gaming may not
function properly over satellite Internet connections due to these
latency issues.

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Popular Broadband Internet Service Technolo-
gies

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Service Provider

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Internet Service – How It Works

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Internet Addressing and Architecture

The Internet is based on the TCP/IP networking protocol suite

described and every computer on the Internet is assigned a unique
Internet Protocol (IP) address, which currently is a 32-bit number
represented by four strings of numbers ranging from 0 to 255
separated by periods.

For instance, the IP address of www.microsoft.com is 207.46.250.119.

How is the messages transferred on the Internet?

• When a user sends a message to another user on the Internet, the
message is first decomposed into packets using the TCP protocol.
• Each packet contains its destination address.
• The packets are then sent from the client to the network server and
from there on to as many other servers as necessary to arrive at a
specific computer with a known address.
• At the destination address, the packets are reassembled into the
original message.

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Packed-switched Networks and Packet Com-
munications

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IP Address and Domain Names

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Internet Addressing and Architecture: The Future Internet: IPv6
and Internet2
Internet2: Research network with new protocols and transmission
speeds that provides an infrastructure for supporting high bandwidth
Internet applications.
Why do we need IPv6 and Internet2 to replace legacy internet protocol
(IPv4)?
• The Internet was not originally designed to handle the transmission
of massive quantities of data and billions of users.
• Because many corporations and governments have been given
large blocks of millions of IP addresses to accommodate current
and future workforces, and because of sheer Internet population
growth, the world will run out of available IP addresses using the
existing addressing convention by 2012 or 2013.
• Under development is a new version of the IP addressing schema
called Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), which contains 128-bit
addresses (2 to the power of 128), or more than a quadrillion
possible unique addresses.
• These networks (Internet2) do not replace the public Internet, but
they do provide test beds for leading-edge technology (high-per-
formance backbone networks with bandwidths reaching as much
as 100 Gbps) that may eventually migrate to the public Internet.
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IPv4 and IPv6

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Internet Addressing and Architecture: The Domain Name Sys-
tem
Domain Name System (DNS): A hierarchical system of servers
maintaining a database enabling the conversion of domain names to
their numeric IP addresses. (e.g. convert www.microsoft.com to
207.46.250.119)
Domain name: English-like name that corresponds to the unique
32-bit numeric Internet Protocol (IP) address for each computer
connected to the Internet. (e.g. www.microsoft.com)
DNS has a hierarchical structure (see Figure in next slide):
• At the top of the DNS hierarchy is the root domain.
• The child domain of the root is called a top-level domain, and the
child domain of a top-level domain is called is a second-level
domain.
• Top-level domains are two- and three-character names you are
familiar with from surfing the Web, for example, .com, .edu, .gov,
and the various country codes such as .ca for Canada or .it for
Italy.
• Second-level domains have two parts, designating a top-level name
and a second-level name—such as buy.com, nyu.edu, or
amazon.ca.
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• A host name at the bottom of the hierarchy designates a specific
The Domain Name System

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 Domain name is the text version of IP. A domain name is
Domain Names a text-based name that corresponds to the IP address of
a server that hosts a website.
Top domain level (TLD) is the last section of the domain
name.

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Examples of Generic Top-Level Domains

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DNS Server

DNS server – Translate the domain name to its

associate IP address so that data and informa-
tion can be routed to a correct computer.
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Example of DNS Server Address

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Internet Services and Communication Tools

The Internet is based on client/server technology.

• Internet Services: A client computer connecting to the Internet has

access to a variety of services and these services include e-mail,
electronic discussion groups, chatting and instant messaging,
Telnet, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), and the Web. (Table in next
slide)

• Unified Communications: Integrates disparate channels for voice

communications, data communications, instant messaging, email,
and electronic conferencing into a single experience where users
can seamlessly switch back and forth between different
communication modes.

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3-Tier Client/Server Architecture

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Client/Server Computing on the Internet

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How VoIP Works

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Other Internet Services

E-mail is the transmission of messages and files via a computer

network. An e-mail program allows you to create, send, receive,
forward, store, print, and delete e-mail messages.

A mailing list is a group of e-mail names and addresses given a single

name
• Subscribing adds your e-mail name and address.
• Unsubscribing removes your name.

Instant messaging (IM) is a real-time Internet communications service.

A chat is a real-time typed conversation that takes place on a
computer. A chat room is a location on an Internet server that permits
users to chat with each other.

Voice over IP (VoIP): Facilities for managing the delivery of voice in-
formation using the Internet Protocol (IP). Also called Internet tele-
phony. A method for taking analog audio signals, like the kind you
hear when you talk on the phone, and turning them into digital data
that can be transmitted over the Internet. 29
Other Internet Services
A newsgroup is an online area in which users have written discus-
sions about a particular subject. Typically requires a newsreader.

A message board is a Web-based type of discussion group.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the set of rules for transferring

files (text, graphic images, sound, video, and other multimedia files)
on the World Wide Web.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) is a protocol which uses:

• HTTP on a connection encrypted by transport-layer security.
• HTTPS is used to protect transmitted data from eavesdropping.
• It is the default protocol for conducting financial transactions on
the web, and can protect a website's users from censorship by a
government or an ISP.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is an Internet standard that permits file

uploading and downloading with other computers on the Internet.
Many operating systems include FTP capabilities. An FTP server is a
computer that allows users to upload and/or download files using30 FTP
Major Internet Services

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Difference between FTP and HTTP

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Internet Addressing and Architecture: Internet Architecture and
Governance
Internet data traffic is carried over transcontinental high-speed
backbone networks that generally operate today in the range of 45
Mbps to 2.5 Gbps (see Figure in next slide). These trunk lines are
typically owned by long-distance telephone companies (called
network service providers) or by national governments.

Each organization pays for its own networks and its own local Internet
connection services, a part of which is paid to the long-distance trunk
line owners. Individual Internet users pay ISPs for using their service,
and they generally pay a flat subscription fee, no matter how much or
how little they use the Internet. No one “owns” the Internet, and it has
no formal management.

However, worldwide Internet policies are established by a number of

professional organizations and government bodies:
• including the Internet Architecture Board (IAB), which helps define
the overall structure of the Internet;
• the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
(ICANN), which assigns IP addresses;
• and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which sets Hypertext
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Markup Language and other programming standards for the Web.
Internet Network Architecture

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The World Wide Web

The World Wide Web, or Web, consists of a worldwide collection of

electronic documents (Web pages). A Web site is a collection of re-
lated Web pages and associated items.

Web Servers: Software that manages requests for Web pages on the
computer where they are stored and that delivers the page to the
user’s computer. (The most common Web server in use today is
Apache HTTP Server)

Web Browser is a software application for accessing information on

the World Wide Web. A home page is the first page that a Web site
displays. Web pages provide links to other related Web pages (Surf-
ing the Web). Some Web pages are designed specifically for micro
browsers. A Web page has a unique address called a URL or Web ad-
dress. Tabbed browsing allows you to open and view multiple Web
pages in a single Web browser windows. Downloading is the process
of receiving information. Some Web browsers contain an In-
stant Search box to eliminate the steps of displaying the search en-
gine’s Web page prior to entering the search text.
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Homepage and Micro Browser

Micro Browser

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Home/Main page
Webpage

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Webpage
Tabbed Browsing

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Instant Search Box

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The World Wide Web: Hypertext

Hypertext: Web pages are based on a standard Hypertext Markup

Language (HTML), which formats documents and incorporates
dynamic links to other documents and pictures stored in the same or
remote computers.

• Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): Page description language for

creating Web pages and other hypermedia documents.

• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) The communications standard

used to transfer pages on the Web. Defines how messages are
formatted and transmitted.

• Uniform resource locator (URL): The address of a specific resource

on the Internet.
(e.g. http://www.megacorp.com/content/features/082610.html)

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URL or Web Address

URL

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Differences between URL and Domain Name

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The World Wide Web: Searching the Web

Searching for Information on the Web: Web 2.0: No one knows for
sure how many Web pages there really are. The surface Web is the
part of the Web that search engines visit and about which information
is recorded.
– Search Engines: A tool for locating specific sites or information
on the Internet.
– Search Engine Marketing: Use of search engines to deliver in
their results sponsored links, for which advertisers have paid.
– Search engine optimization (SEO): the process of changing a
Web site's content, layout, and format in order to increase the
ranking of the site on popular search engines, and to generate
more site visitors.
– Intelligent Agent: Software program that uses a built-in or
learned knowledge base to carry out specific, repetitive, and
predictable tasks for an individual user, business process, or
software application.
– Shopping Bots: Software with varying levels of built-in
intelligence to help electronic commerce shoppers locate and
evaluate products or service they might wish to purchase.
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Two Types of Search Tools

Subject Directories

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Top U.S. Search Engine Top Engine and Web
Browsers

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Widely Used Search Tools

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How Google Works

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Search Engine Operators

Search operators can help to refine your

search
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The World Wide Web: Web 1.0, Web 2.0 and Web 3.0

Web 1.0: Users passively consult web pages and for the most part
don’t participate in generating content.
Web 2.0: Second-generation, interactive Internet-based services that
enable people to collaborate, share information, and create new
services online, including mashups, blogs, RSS, and wikis.
• Blog: Popular term for Weblog, designating an informal yet structured Web
site where individuals can publish stories, opinions, and links to other Web
sites of interest.
• Blogosphere: Totality of blog-related Web sites.
• RSS: Technology using aggregator software to pull content from Web sites
and feed it automatically to subscribers’ computers.
• Wikis: Collaborative Web site where visitors can add, delete, or modify con-
tent, including the work of previous authors.
• Social Networking Site: Online community for expanding users’ business or
social contacts by making connections through their mutual business or
personal connections.
Web 3.0: The Future Web: Future vision of the Web where all digital
information is woven together with intelligent search capabilities.
• Semantic Web: Ways of making the Web more "intelligent," with
machine-facilitated understanding of information so that searches can be
more intuitive, effective, and executed using intelligent software agents.
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The comparison of Internet and WWW

Many people believe that Web is synonymous with the Internet, but
that is not the case.

The Internet functions as the transport mechanism, and the web

(WWW) is an application that runs on the Internet, as do e-mail, IM,
and VoIP.

The Web is a system with universally accepted protocols for storing,

retrieving, formatting, and displaying information via client/server
architecture.

The usual protocol is HTTP, which stands for Hypertext Transfer

Protocol.

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Types of Websites
• Portal – Website that offers a variety of Internet services from a single,
convenient location.
• News – Website which contain newsworthy material.
• Informational – Website which contain information.
• Business/Marketing – Website which contain content that promotes or sell
products or services.
• Blog – Is an informal website consisting of time-stamped articles, posts, etc.
• Wiki – A collaborative website that allow user to create, add, modify or delete
the website content.
• Online Social Network – Website which encourage member in tis online
community to share their interests.
• Educational – Website which offers exciting, challenging avenues for formal
and informal teaching and learning.
• Entertainment – Website which offers interactive and engaging
entertainment.
• Advocacy – Website which contains content that describes a cause, opinion
or idea.
• Web Application – Website which allow users to access and interact with
software through a web browser.
• Personal – A private individual or family not usually associated with any
organization may maintain a personal website.
• Content Aggregator – It is a business that gathers and organizes web
content and then distributes or feeds the content to subscribers for free.
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Types of Websites

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Types of Websites

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E-Commerce

E-commerce is a business transaction that occurs over an electronic

network.

M-commerce identifies e-commerce that takes place using mobile

devices.

Types of E-Commerce:
• B2C – Consists of the sale of goods and services to general public.

• B2B – Consists of the sale of goods and services to another

business domain.

• C2C – Consists of the sale of goods and services between

consumers.

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Types of E-Commerce

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Example of E-Commerce

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Website Creation and Management

Web publishing is the development and maintenance of Web pages.

Information presented on the Web must be evaluated for accuracy.

Steps to Create a Website:

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Criteria for Evaluating a Website

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Digital Media on the Web
Multimedia refers to any application that combines text with:
• Text understood to be a piece of written or spoken material in its
primary form (as opposed to a paraphrase or summary). A text is
any stretch of language that can be understood in context.
• A graphic is a digital representation of non text information.
Graphic formats include BMP, GIF, JPEG, PNG, and TIFF. A
thumbnail is a small version of a larger graphic.
• Animation is the technique of photographing successive drawings
or positions of puppets or models to create an illusion of
movement when the film is shown as a sequence.
• Audio includes music, speech, or any other sound. You listen to
audio on your computer using a player.
• Video consists of full-motion images that are played back at
various speeds.
Streaming is the process of transferring data in a continuous and
even flow.
Virtual reality (VR) is the use of computers to simulate a real or
imagined environment that appears as a three-dimensional space.
Augmented reality (AR) adds digital elements to a live view often by
using the camera on a smartphone. Examples of augmented reality
experiences include Snapchat lenses and the game Pokemon Go. 
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A plug-in is a program that extends the capability of a Web browser.
5 Elements of Multimedia

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Audio Web File Format

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Popular Plug-Ins

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Netiquette

Netiquette, a colloquial portmanteau of network etiquette or Internet

etiquette, is a set of social conventions that facilitate interaction over
networks, ranging from Usenet and mailing lists to blogs and forums.

Netiquette is a combination of the words network and etiquette and is

defined as a set of rules for acceptable online behavior. Similarly,
online ethics focuses on the acceptable use of online resources in an
online social environment.

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Netiquette

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- The End -
Thank you for paying attention!

"Courage is resistance to fear, mastery of fear--not absence

of fear.“ – Mark Twain

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