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    Prerna Qual Workshop 3 sampling-MG

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    Jyoti
    This document summarizes different qualitative sampling strategies and considerations for determining sample size. It discusses strategies like maximum variation sampling, extreme case sampling, homogeneous sampling, and convenience sampling. It emphasizes that qualitative sampling requires flexibility and that determining an adequate sample size is ultimately a matter of judgment. Sample size should be large enough for meaningful comparisons, consider the level of detail needed, and continue until theoretical saturation is reached when no new themes emerge from additional data collection.

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    Prerna Qual Workshop 3 sampling-MG

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    Jyoti
    24 views15 pages
    This document summarizes different qualitative sampling strategies and considerations for determining sample size. It discusses strategies like maximum variation sampling, extreme case sampling, homogeneous sampling, and convenience sampling. It emphasizes that qualitative sampling requires flexibility and that determining an adequate sample size is ultimately a matter of judgment. Sample size should be large enough for meaningful comparisons, consider the level of detail needed, and continue until theoretical saturation is reached when no new themes emerge from additional data collection.

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    This document summarizes different qualitative sampling strategies and considerations for determining sample size. It discusses strategies like maximum variation sampling, extreme case sampling, homogeneous sampling, and convenience sampling. It emphasizes that qualitative sampling requires flexibility and that determining an adequate sample size is ultimately a matter of judgment. Sample size should be large enough for meaningful comparisons, consider the level of detail needed, and continue until theoretical saturation is reached when no new themes emerge from additional data collection.

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    24 views15 pages

    Prerna Qual Workshop 3 sampling-MG

    Uploaded by

    Jyoti
    This document summarizes different qualitative sampling strategies and considerations for determining sample size. It discusses strategies like maximum variation sampling, extreme case sampling, homogeneous sampling, and convenience sampling. It emphasizes that qualitative sampling requires flexibility and that determining an adequate sample size is ultimately a matter of judgment. Sample size should be large enough for meaningful comparisons, consider the level of detail needed, and continue until theoretical saturation is reached when no new themes emerge from additional data collection.

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    Qualitative Research Workshop

    Sample Size and Sampling Strategy

    Dr. Manisha Gore

    http://www.prernaindia.in/
    http://www.prernaindia.in/ 2
    http://www.prernaindia.in/ 4
    Maximum Variation Sampling
    • Cases represent variations on specified aspects of a phenomenon of interests (eg. geographical
    variations, education etc.)

    • Capture and describe central themes that cut across variation (common pattern among variation)

    • Results in high-quality, detailed description of each cases and important shared patterns.

    • Evaluating the Essential New-born Care (ENC) programme in districts in India. Sampling could be
    mothers with children less than 5 years. Select sites representing geographical variations Eg sites in
    rural, urban, semi-urban.

    http://www.prernaindia.in/ 6
    Extreme or Deviant Case Sampling
    • Learning from highly unusual manifestations of the phenomenon of interest

    • Selection of cases departing from a specified standard (unusual or special in some way)

    • Aim is to study these cases that are relevant to improving typical cases

    • Coping with life after HIV diagnosis in individuals infected with HIV. Sample would include HIV positive
    individual affiliated to networks

    http://www.prernaindia.in/ 7
    Homogeneous Sampling

    • Selecting similar types to describe a particular group in-depth

    • Selection of participants who have similar demographic characteristics age, gender, education etc.

    • To understand menstruation hygiene practices of female adolescents studying in 8-10 stds of


    government schools of rural areas

    http://www.prernaindia.in/ 8
    Convenience Sampling
    • Convenience sampling defined as individuals believed to be representative of the population from which
    they are selected, but chosen because they are close at hand and easy to get access to them rather than
    being randomly selected. e.g. when you simply ask any patient in your clinic who is willing to participate.

    • Convenience sampling saves time, money, and effort, but it is the least rigorous technique and may
    result in poor quality data and lacks intellectual credibility. There is an element of convenience sampling
    in many qualitative studies, but a more thoughtful approach to selection of a sample is usually justified.

    • Clinicians selecting patients as respondents coming to their clinics

    http://www.prernaindia.in/ 9
    OPPORTUNISTIC OR EMERGENT SAMPLING
    • New opportunities to recruit participants or to gain access to a new site may develop after the fieldwork
    has begun.

    • For example a researcher studying heart attacks may, for example, meet a cardiologist while interviewing
    one of his or her patients. The cardiologist may suggest how the researcher can contact other
    cardiologists who would be willing to refer clients to the researcher.

    http://www.prernaindia.in/ 10
    CRITERION SAMPLING
    • All cases that meet a set of criteria are selected. In criterion sampling it is important to select the criteria
    carefully, so as to define cases that will provide detailed and rich data relevant to the particular research
    problem.

    • Cases that provide important qualitative component to the study

    • For example, all former clients of an intensive care unit who return to intensive care with the same
    complaint within three weeks may constitute a sample for in-depth, qualitative study. These criteria
    would facilitate a study of the effectiveness of after-care programs attached to intensive care units.

    http://www.prernaindia.in/ 11
    CONCLUSION FLEXIBILITY IN QUALITATIVE SAMPLING

    • A flexible research and sampling design is an important feature of qualitative research, particularly when
    the research being conducted is exploratory in nature.
    • When little is known about a phenomenon or setting, a priori sampling decisions can be difficult. In such
    circumstances, creating a research design that is flexible enough to foster reflection and preliminary
    analysis may be a good idea.

    http://www.prernaindia.in/ 13
    Sample Size

    “ Determining adequate sample size in qualitative research is ultimately a


    matter of judgement and experience”- (Sandolweski,1995).

    http://www.prernaindia.in/ 14
    Factors of Sample Size
    • Theoretical Saturation
    • In their original treatise on grounded theory, Glaser and Strauss (1967: p. 61) defined
    saturation in these terms:

    “The criterion for judging when to stop sampling the different groups  means that no
    additional data are being found whereby the sociologist can develop properties of the
    category. As he sees similar instances over and over again, the researcher becomes
    empirically confident that a category is saturated. He goes out of his way to look for
    groups that stretch diversity of data as far as possible, just to make certain that saturation
    is based on the widest possible range of data on the category.”

    http://www.prernaindia.in/ 16
    ….cont.
    • Sample should be large enough to make meaningful comparisons in relations to research questions.

    • Number of comparison groups (more comparisons-larger sample size)

    • Detail, complexity and depth (more detailed, complex, and in-depth-smaller sample size)

    • Develop explanations to account for similarities & differences in particular contexts.

    http://www.prernaindia.in/ 17
    ….cont
    • Sampling to point of redundancy, an ideal

    • More practical suggestion- use judgement and negotiation

    • Specify minimum sample size based on study purpose and build a rationale

    • Design should be understood to be flexible

    • Exercise care not to over-generalize

    http://www.prernaindia.in/ 18
    • THANK YOU

    http://www.prernaindia.in/ 19

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